Glass fiber forming compositions

ABSTRACT

Mathematical relationship for ingredients for fiber glass compositions are used to identify properties of the glass. In particular the forming temperature and delta T. In one embodiment, the mathematical relationship of the ingredients is of a generic quaternary SiO 2 , CaO, Al 2 O 3  and MgO glass system. The relationship of SiO 2 , CaO, Al 2 O 3  and MgO of interest include RO=CaO+MgO, SiO 2 /CaO, SiO 2 /RO, SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 ; Al 2 O 3 /CaO; SiO 2 +Al 2 O 3 ; SiO 2 —RO and Al 2 O 3 /RO or RO/Al 2 O 3  when other ingredients or components are added to the glass batch materials to alter the forming and/or liquidus temperatures of the glass, for example Na 2 O, Li 2 O, K 2 O and B 2 O 3  the following mathematical relationships are of interest, (SiO 2 +Al 2 O 3 )/(R 2 O+RO+B 2 O 3 ) where RO is as previously defined and R 2 O=Na 2 O+Li 2 O+K 2 O. Each of the compositional features of the glass identified above reflects the relative balance between the fluidity (i.e. viscosity) of the glass melt and its crystallization potential. Low boron or boron free fiber glass compositions having a low forming temperature ,e.g. 1178 to 1240° C. and a delta T greater than 50° C. in order that the composition can be processed at a low temperature while reducing the possibility of devitrification of the molten glass in the bushing area during a glass fiber forming operation. Fiber glass compositions having low boron, e.g. less than 5.10 percent by weight has a low forming temperature, e.g. 1193 to 1240° C. and a delta T greater than 50° C.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/164,468, filed Jun. 6, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,962,886 which claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 60/330,178, filed Oct. 18, 2001; 60/230,474, filed Sep. 6, 2000 and 60/136,538, filed May 28, 1999. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/164,468 is a 35 USC 371 of PCT application Serial No. PCT/US01/27451, filed Sep. 5, 2001 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,818,575), which claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/230,474, filed Sep. 6, 2000, and which is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/980,248, filed Nov. 28, 2001 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,686,304 B1), which is a 35 USC 371 of PCT application Serial No. PCT/US00/14155 filed May 23, 2000 and claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application 60/136,538, filed May 28, 1999.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to glass compositions, and more particularly to (1) fiber glass compositions, and (2) mathematical relationships of the ingredients of the glass compositions to identify thermal properties of the glass compositions e.g., forming and liquidus temperatures with an acceptable temperature difference to prevent devitrification of the molten glass during forming of glass fibers.

2. Discussion of the Technology

In the art of forming glass fibers it is recognized that the difference between the forming temperature and liquidus temperature is maintained at a value to prevent devitrification of the molten glass during fiber forming. For example, the most common glass composition for making continuous glass fiber strands for textiles and glass fiber reinforcements is known in the trade as “E glass”. The requirements as to what type of composition constitutes an E-glass composition are included in ASTM D578-00. An advantage of using E-glass having 6–10 percent by weight B₂O₃ is that its liquidus temperature is well below its forming temperature, i.e. typically greater than 56° C. (100° F.) and usually in the range of 83 to 111° C. (150 to 200° F.). As used herein, the terms “forming temperature”, “T_(FORM)”, “log 3 forming temperature” and “log3 FT” mean the temperature of the glass at which the viscosity of the glass is log 3, or 1000 poise, and the terms “liquidus temperature”, “liquidus T” and “T_(LIQ)” mean the temperature at which the solid phase (crystals) and liquid phase (melt) of the glass are in equilibrium. The difference between T_(FORM) and T_(LIQ), referred to herein as “delta T” or “ΔT”, is a common measure of the crystallization potential of a given melt composition. The lower the ΔT, in other words the smaller the difference between the forming temperature and the liquidus temperature, the greater the crystallization potential. In the glass fiber forming industry, ΔT is typically maintained at a temperature of at least 50° C. (90° F.) in order to prevent devitrification of the molten glass during a glass fiber forming operation, in particular, in the bushing area.

It is appreciated by those skilled in the art of forming glass fibers, that it is desirable to operate the glass fiber forming operation at low temperatures because operating the glass fiber forming operation at high temperatures results in high-energy usage, along with associated high-energy costs. In addition, the high temperatures accelerate degradation of the refractories used in the glass melting furnace, as well as the bushings used to form the fibers. The bushings include precious metals that cannot be recovered from the glass as the bushings wear.

It is recognized that boron and fluorine in addition to contributing to the electrical properties of the E-glass, e.g. dissipation factor and dielectric constant, also lower the forming and liquidus temperatures of the glass while providing a ΔT of at least 50° C. (90° F.). The boron in the form of an oxide and fluorine in the form of a fluoride are included in the glass batch materials and act as fluxes during the glass melting operation. E-glass can include up to 10 wt % B₂O₃ and up to 1.0 wt % fluoride (see ASTM D 578-00 §4.2). Although the boron effectively lowers the forming and liquidus temperatures while providing an acceptable ΔT value and the fluoride or fluorine acts as a flux, there are drawbacks. More particularly, these materials volatilize during melting and move with the exhaust gases into the exhaust system. If the boron and fluorine in the exhaust gases are not removed they are released to the atmosphere. Since boron and fluorine are considered pollutants, these emissions are closely controlled by environmental regulations, which in turn require careful control of the furnace operations and/or the use of costly additional pollution control equipment. In response to these concerns, the boron and/or fluorine content in E-glasses were reduced. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,542,106 and 5,789,329 and WO 99/12858 disclose boron free or low boron e.g. 1.8 wt % glasses having a forming temperature in the range of about 1258 to 1263° C. As can be appreciated by those skilled in the art of glass making, reducing or removing the boron and/or fluorine content in the batch materials raises the forming temperature. More particularly, the silica content increases as the boron content decreases, resulting in an increase in the forming temperature. As mentioned above, increasing the forming temperature results in high-energy usage, high-energy costs, and acceleration of the degradation of furnace refractories and bushings used to form the fibers.

For additional information concerning glass compositions and methods for fiberizing the glass composition, see K. Loewenstein, The Manufacturing Technology of Continuous Glass Fibres, (3d Ed. 1993) at pages 30–44, 47–60, 115–122 and 126–135, and F. T. Wallenberger (editor), Advanced Inorganic Fibers: Processes, Structures, Properties, Applications, (1999) at pages 81–102 and 129–168, which documents are hereby incorporated by reference.

In general, glass compositions having particular properties, e.g. forming temperature and delta T are identified by weight percent and/or molar percent of the components or ingredients in the glass. As can be appreciated by those skilled in the art of glass making and/or glass fiber forming, it would be advantageous to identify the performance of the glass compositions not only by the amount of a particular ingredient in the glass but also by a relationship, e.g. a mathematical relationship of the ingredients in the glass. WO 01/32576A1 discloses fiber glass compositions and the mathematical relationship of several of the ingredients, e.g. the combined Wt % of CaO and MgO, and the ratio of Al₂O₃/CaO, in the glass. Using the combination of glass ingredients, e.g. the absolute weight percent of silica with the relationship of other ingredients in the glass, e.g. the ratio of silica to RO (combined Wt % of CaO and MgO) would provide information regarding the melt properties of the glass.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a low boron containing or a boron free glass fiber forming composition that has a forming temperature of no greater than 1240° C. (2262° F.), a ΔT of at least 50° C. (90° F.), and one or more or all of the following compositional features:

-   -   a ratio of SiO₂ to RO (i.e. CaO+MgO) in the range of 1.9 to         2.55;     -   a ratio of SiO₂ to CaO in the range of 2.1 to 2.8;     -   a ratio of SiO₂ to Al₂O₃ in the range of 3.7 to 5.0;     -   a ratio of Al₂O₃ to CaO in the range of 0.5 to 0.6;     -   a sum of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ in the range of 66.0 to 73.7 wt %;     -   a ratio of (SiO₂+Al₂O₃) to (R₂O+RO+B₂O₃) in the range of 2.0 to         3.0;     -   a ratio of Al₂O₃ to RO in the range of 0.4 to 0.6; and     -   a difference between SiO₂ and RO; in the range of 26.5 to 36.6         wt %.

In one nonlimiting embodiment of the present invention, the glass composition further has a SiO₂ content of greater than 57 weight percent and B₂O₃ of no greater than 2 weight percent. In another nonlimiting embodiment of the invention, the SiO₂+Al₂O₃ content of the glass composition is less than 70 weight percent. In still another nonlimiting embodiment of the invention, the glass composition contains at least 1 weight percent TiO₂.

In the discussion under Description of the Preferred Embodiments are glass compositions and mathematical relationship of different types of glasses. One such glass composition has the following ingredients:

SiO₂ 55.70 to 59 percent by weight; Al₂O₃ 12.35 to 13.94 percent by weight; CaO 24.40 to 24.80 percent by weight; MgO 2.55 to 2.80 percent by weight; TiO₂ 0.05 to 0.55 percent by weight; Na₂O 0.40 to 0.50 percent by weight; K₂O 0.40 to 0.60 percent by weight; Na₂O + K₂O 0.85 to 1.50 percent by weight; Fe₂O₃ 0.20 to 0.40 percent by weight, and B₂O₃ 1.25 to 1.55 percent by weight, and the following relationship of ingredients RO 26.25 to 27.60 wt % SiO₂/CaO 2.20 to 2.40 SiO₂/RO 2.00 to 2.20 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 3.95 to 4.70 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.50 to 0.60 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 69.00 to 70.50 wt % SiO₂ − RO 28.00 to 31.00 wt % Al₂O₃/RO 0.45 to 0.55 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 28.90 to 30.00 wt % (SiO₂ + Al₂O₃)/(R2O + RO + B₂O₃) 2.25 to 2.45 and a log3 forming temperature in the range of 1210 to 1225° C. and ΔT is in the range of 52 to 65° C. R2O is equal to the wt % of k₂O and Na₂O.

Reference should be made to the Description of the Preferred Embodiments thereto for a more detailed summary of the glass compositions of the invention and the relationship of the ingredients of the glass compositions.

The glass compositions meeting the mathematical relationships of the instant invention provide a glass having a forming temperature of less than 1240° C., preferably 1205 to 1220° C., and more preferably between 1211 to 1218° C. for boron free glass and more preferably between 1187 to 1205° C. for boron containing glasses.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

In the following discussion, all numbers expressing dimensions, physical characteristics, and so forth, used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about”. Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical values set forth in the following specification and claims can vary depending upon the desired properties obtained by the practice of the present invention. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Moreover, all ranges disclosed herein are to be understood to encompass any and all subranges subsumed therein. For example, a stated range of 1 wt % to 10 wt % should be considered to include any and all subranges between (and inclusive of) the minimum value of 1 and the maximum value of 10; that is, all subranges beginning with a minimum value of 1 or more and ending with a maximum value of 10 or less, e.g., 5.5 to 10.

It should be appreciated that, unless otherwise indicated, all numerical values discussed herein, such as but not limited to weight percent of materials or temperatures, are approximate and are subject to variations due to various factors well known to those skilled in the art such as, but not limited to, measurement standards, equipment and techniques. As a result, such values are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about”. Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the following specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention. At the very least, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques.

Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any recognized deviations and/or errors are discussed. Any numerical value, however, inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements.

In the following discussion and in the claims the limits of defining the range are included in the range. For example and not limiting to the discussion, “in the range of 1230 to 1240° C.” and “in the range of equal to and greater than 1230° C. and equal to and less than 1240° C.” define the same range. Further in the preceding discussion, in the following discussion and in the claims, the terms “weight percent”, “wt %” and “percent by weight” are used herein interchangeably.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the mathematical relationships of the ingredients of a generic quaternary glass system are disclosed. The quaternary system includes SiO₂, CaO, Al₂O₃ and MgO. As can be appreciated by those skilled in the art of making glass, in particular making glass fibers, MgO if not added to the batch materials is found in the batch materials as a tramp material, e.g. MgO is found in clay at 0.3 to 0.5 percent by weight. In the practice of the invention, MgO is added to the batch material to attain a level in the glass greater than the tramp level. The relationship of SiO₂, CaO, Al₂O₃ and MgO of interest include RO=CaO+MgO, SiO₂/CaO, SiO₂/RO, SiO₂/Al₂O₃; Al₂O₃/CaO; SiO₂+Al₂O₃; SiO₂—RO and Al₂O₃/RO or RO/Al₂O₃. In the present invention when other ingredients or components are added to the glass batch materials to alter the forming and/or liquidus temperatures of the glass and/or are present in the glass, for example but not limiting to the invention Na₂O, Li₂O, K₂O and B₂O₃ the following mathematical relationships are of interest, (SiO₂+Al₂O₃)/(R2O+RO+B₂O₃) where RO is as previously defined and R2O=Na₂O+Li₂O+K₂O. In Tables 1 through 22, the relationship (SiO₂+Al₂O₃)/(R2O+B₂O₃) is shown as (Si+Al)/(R2O+RO+B) to fit the formula into a reasonable column width. Each of the compositional features of the glass identified above reflects the relative balance between the fluidity (i.e. viscosity) of the glass melt and its crystallization potential, as will be discussed below in more detail. The physical melt properties of interest in the present discussion are the forming temperature and the liquidus temperature because embodiments of the present invention are to provide low boron or boron free glass compositions having a low forming temperature and a desired ΔT. In this manner, the glass can be processed, e.g. to form glass fibers at a low temperature while reducing the possibility of devitrification of the molten glass, e.g. in the bushing area. Without limiting the present invention, one embodiment of the invention includes a glass composition having a forming temperature of no greater than 1240° C. (2264° F.) and a ΔT of at least 50° C. (90° F.).

In the following discussion, the mathematical relationship is to the ingredients in the glass; however, the invention is not limited thereto and contemplates identifying and using the relationship of the ingredients to be added to the batch, e.g. mixing the batch prior to melting the batch to form the glass. Further, in the following discussion the mathematical relationship of the ingredients will be in wt % of the ingredients in the glass composition; however, the invention is not limited thereto and maybe the mole % or any measurement that identifies the amount of the ingredient in the batch materials and/or the glass composition.

In regards to the ingredients or constituents of the quaternary system presented above, it is known that pure silica is the highest melting glass former. A pure silica melt does not have a well defined melting point. At 2500° C. (4532° F.), it has a viscosity of greater than about log 4 (10,000) poise, and as it cools to room temperature, it gradually solidifies and forms a glass. Pure calcia, magnesia and alumina melts are known to have very low viscosities, e.g. in the range of 0.5–2.0 poise at their respective melting points. These materials do not solidify into a glass as the melt cools but rather crystallize instantly at their sharply defined melting point. In a typical quaternary SiO₂—Al₂O₃—CaO—MgO glass composition with 55–60% SiO₂ and 21–26% CaO, each oxide of the quaternary system contributes its unique characteristics toward its balance of melt properties.

Based on the material properties of the constituents of the quaternary system for a glass composition having these components, it can be inferred that as SiO₂, which is the largest oxide component of the glass composition in terms of weight percent, is reduced in a given composition of this type, the melt viscosity and the resulting log 3 forming temperature drops. If CaO, which is the second largest component of the glass composition in terms of weight percent, or MgO is increased in such a composition, the effect of RO (CaO+MgO) on the glass properties will be twofold. More specifically, it will not only increase the fluidity of the resulting melt (i.e. decrease its viscosity and the forming temperature) but it will also increase the crystallizability of the resulting melt (i.e. increase its liquidus temperature), and therefore reduce the ΔT.

As a result, although not required, in one nonlimiting embodiment of the present invention, the glass compositions have (1) the lowest SiO₂ content that will yield the lowest log 3 forming temperature, which in the present invention is below 1240° C., preferably below 1220° C. in combination with (2) the ratio of SiO₂ to RO that yields the process-required ΔT, which in the present invention is at least 50° C. Based on the forgoing and although not required in the practice of the invention, in one nonlimiting embodiment of the present invention, the silica level is preferably no greater than 62 wt % SiO₂, in order to promote a lower log 3 forming temperature. In other nonlimiting embodiments of the present invention, the glass compositions have no greater than 60 wt % SiO₂ and no greater than 58 wt % SiO₂.

In general, MgO is included in a glass fiber forming composition because it has been found that the heating and melting profile of a glass fiber composition, and in particular the liquidus temperature, can be controlled and in particular optimized by controlling the amount of MgO. More particularly, by regulating the amount of MgO, the liquidus temperature can be selected to provide a delta T of at least 50° C. In addition, it has been determined that a eutectic exists in a generic quaternary SiO₂−Al₂O₃—CaO—MgO system at around 2.5–2.8 wt % MgO. For a discussion of the eutectic reference may be had to WO 00/73231 which document is hereby incorporated by reference.

The value of the SiO₂/RO ratio can be manipulated by changing the amount of SiO₂ and/or RO to produce a glass composition having a ΔT as close as possible to the minimum desire ΔT. A decrease in the value of SiO₂/RO, which is indicative of a reduction in the wt % of SiO₂ and/or an increase in the wt % of CaO and/or MgO, or any change or combination of changes in the wt % of the SiO₂, CaO and/or MgO, will effect the melt viscosity and ΔT, and will increase the crystallization potential. Conversely, an increase in the value of SiO₂/RO will effect the melt viscosity and ΔT, and will decrease the crystallization potential. It should be appreciated that if the value of SiO₂/RO ratio drops too low, ΔT can drop to an unacceptable level. Although not required, in one nonlimiting embodiment of the present invention, SiO₂/RO is no greater than 2.40. In other nonlimiting embodiments, SiO₂/RO is no greater than 2.35, or no greater than 2.30, or no greater than 2.25, or no greater than 2.20. In still another nonlimiting embodiment of the invention, the value of SiO₂/RO ranges from 1.9 to 2.55, e.g. from 2.1 to 2.55 for boron-free glasses and from 1.9 to 2.4 for boron containing glasses.

In addition to the SiO₂ level and the SiO₂/RO ratio, the following parameters also describe the compositional envelope level of a quaternary glass composition: the SiO₂/CaO ratio, the SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio, the Al₂O₃/CaO ratio, the sum of SiO₂+Al₂O₃, the difference between SiO₂−RO, and the Al₂O₃/RO ratio. The following parameters describe the compositional envelope level of a glass composition containing additional temperature modifying ingredients: the sum of R2O+RO+B₂O₃, where R2O=Na₂O+K₂O+Li₂O and the (SiO₂+Al₂O₃)/(R2O+RO+B₂O₃) ratio.

While the SiO₂/RO ratio at a given silica level describes the compositional effect of RO on the crystallization potential and melt fluidity, the SiO₂/CaO ratio shows only the effect of CaO on the crystallization potential. If the MgO and the SiO2 levels are kept constant in a comparison of various melts, a decrease in the value of SiO₂/CaO will show an increase in crystallization potential due to the contribution of CaO and visa versa. The SiO₂−RO difference serves as a similar indicator, i.e. a decrease in the difference or a smaller difference is typically indicative of a greater relative amount of RO and thus an increase in the crystallization potential. And conversely, an increase in the difference or a larger difference in SiO₂−RO is indicative of a reduction in the crystallization potential. In one nonlimiting embodiment of the present invention, the SiO₂/CaO ratio of the glass composition ranges from 2.1 to 2.8, e.g. from 2.3 to 2.8 for boron-free glasses and from 2.2 to 2.7 for boron containing glasses. In another nonlimiting embodiment of the present invention, the SiO₂−RO difference of the glass composition ranges from 26.5 to 36.6 wt %, e.g. from 30.5 to 36.6 wt % for boron-free glasses and from 26.5 to 34.0 wt % for boron containing glasses.

The sum of SiO₂+Al₂O₃ is another parameter that describes the compositional envelope of a given melt. Up to about an Al₂O₃ level of 14 to 15 wt %, Al₂O₃ is believed to be able to participate in the network formation with SiO₂, and counteract the crystallization potential of RO that is always present. At higher Al₂O₃ levels, e.g. greater than 15 wt %, Al₂O₃ will begin to act much like RO and contribute to a rise of the crystallization potential of a given melt. Thus a lower value of SiO₂+Al₂O₃, which is indicative of a lower Al₂O₃ level for a glass composition of a given wt % of SiO₂, will typically result in a lower crystallization potential, and a greater value of SiO₂+Al₂O₃ will typically result in a higher crystallization potential for a given melt. In one nonlimiting embodiment of the present invention, the SiO₂+Al₂O₃ sum of the glass composition ranges from 66.0 to 73.7 wt %, e.g. from 70.8 to 73.7 wt % for boron-free glasses and from 66.0 to 72.1 wt % for boron containing glasses.

Similarly with respect to SiO₂/Al₂O₃ and based on the characteristics of the melt provided by the amount of Al₂O₃, an increasing ratio value would be indicative of a reduction in the amount of Al₂O₃ and/or an increase in the amount of SiO₂ and would be accompanied by a reduction in the crystallization potential of the melt. Conversely, a decreasing ratio value would be accompanied by an increase in the crystallization potential of the melt. In one nonlimiting embodiment of the present invention, the SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio of the glass composition ranges from 3.7 to 5.0, e.g. from 4.2 to 5.0 for boron-free glasses and from 3.7 to 4.9 for boron containing glasses.

As mentioned above, other mathematical relationships of ingredients of glass compositions, e.g. the Al₂O₃/CaO ratio, the Al₂O₃/RO ratio, and the (SiO₂+Al₂O₃)/(R2O+RO+B₂O₃) ratio may be developed to characterize a given melt. In one nonlimiting embodiment of the present invention, the value of the Al₂O₃/CaO ratio of the glass composition ranges from 0.5 to 0.6. In another nonlimiting embodiment of the present invention, the value of the Al₂O₃/RO ratio of the glass composition ranges from 0.4 to 0.6, e.g. from 0.46 to 0.53 for boron-free glasses and from 0.46 to 0.56 for boron containing glasses. In still another nonlimiting embodiment of the present invention, the value of the (SiO₂+Al₂O₃)/(R2O+RO+B₂O₃) ratio of the glass composition ranges from 2.0 to 3.0, e.g. from 2.3 to 3.0 for boron-free glasses and from 2.0 to 2.7 for boron containing glasses. Reference may be had to WO 01/32576 for additional discussion on the Al₂O₃/CaO ratio, and the (SiO₂+Al₂O₃)/(R2O+RO+B₂O₃) ratio.

The discussion will now be directed to additives to the batch materials to alter the forming temperature, the liquidus temperature and the delta T. As previously discussed, boron is a material that is added to glass fiber compositions to reduce the forming temperature and the liquidus temperature. However, as discussed earlier, the inclusion of boron oxide results in the production of particulate emissions that, depending on the particulate level, may have to be removed from a melting furnace exhaust stream before being released into the environment. Although the amount of B₂O₃ can be as high as 10 wt % in an E-glass composition, in the present invention, the glass composition has no boron or a low boron content, i.e. has a B₂O₃ content in the range of 0 to 5.10 wt %. In other nonlimiting embodiments of the present invention, the glass fiber composition has no greater than 4 wt %, or no greater than 3 wt %, or no greater than 2 wt % B₂O₃. In another nonlimiting embodiment of the present invention, the glass composition is boron-free or essentially boron-free. As the term “essentially free” is used herein, the glass composition does not include an ingredient purposely added to the glass but found in the glass in trace amounts. In the practice of the invention, a glass having up to 0.05 wt % B₂O₃ is considered a boron free glass.

Further, as previously discussed, fluorine is a material added to glass fiber compositions as a flux, however, because of the environmental concerns it is preferred not to include fluorine. Nevertheless because equipment is available to remove the fluorine from the exhaust gases, the invention may be practiced using fluorine. In one nonlimiting embodiment of the present invention, the glass composition has low fluorine content, in other words, a fluorine content no greater than 0.30 wt %. In another nonlimiting embodiment, the glass composition is essentially fluorine free, i.e. it includes no more than a trace amount of fluorine, which is considered herein to be up to 0.05 wt %. In still another nonlimiting embodiment, the glass composition does not include any fluorine. Except where otherwise indicated, the glass fiber forming compositions disclosed and discussed herein are essentially fluorine free and/or do not include any fluorine.

Additional materials that can be added to the glass fiber composition to modify the melt properties, e.g. to reduce forming temperature and/or liquidus temperature of the glass include without limiting the glass compositions disclosed herein, are Li₂O, Na₂O, ZnO, TiO₂, MnO and/or MnO₂. Alkali oxides are network terminators and tend to effect the melt properties. K₂O an alkali oxide is found in levels up to 0.60 wt % in commercial clays and is not normally added as a separate ingredient to the batch materials; however, in the practice of the invention it may be added as a separate material. In the practice of the invention alkali oxides up to 2.00 wt %, preferably 1 wt % are present in the glass of one embodiment of the invention. In the instance where K₂O is present in the clay, the difference is usually made up by additions of Na₂O and Li₂O. Li₂O is more effective in reducing the melt properties than Na₂O. In one non-limiting embodiment of the present invention, the glass composition includes 0 to 1.0 wt % Li₂O and/or 0 to 1.00 wt % Na₂O and/or 0 to 1 wt % K₂O. Non-alkali oxide ingredients usually employed to reduce the melt properties are ZnO, TiO₂, MnO and/or MnO₂ in amounts of about 0 to 1.5 wt % ZnO, 0 to 1.5 wt % TiO₂, 0 to 3 wt % MnO and/or 0 to 3 wt % MnO₂. It is believed that levels of these materials less than 0.05 wt % would be considered either tramp amounts or so low that they will not materially impact the glass melt properties. As a result, in another non-limiting embodiment, 0.05 to 1.5 wt % Li₂O and/or 0.05 to 1.0 wt % Na₂O and/or 0.05 to 1.0 wt % K₂O and/or 0.05 to 1.5 wt % ZnO and/or 0.05 to 1.5 wt % TiO₂ and/or 0.05 to 3 wt % MnO and/or 0.05 to 3 wt % MnO₂ are included in the glass composition. In still another nonlimiting embodiment of the invention, the glass composition includes 0.2 to 1 wt % Li₂O and/or 0.30 to 1.0 wt % Na₂O and/or 0.30 to 1.0 wt % K₂O and/or 0.2 to 1 wt % ZnO and/or 0.05 to 1.1 wt % TiO₂ and/or up to 1 wt % MnO and/or up to 1 wt % MnO₂.

As mentioned above, the ratio (SiO₂+Al₂O₃)/(R2O+RO+B₂O₃) takes into account the wt % of the additions of B₂O₃, Na₂O, K₂O and Li₂O that is (are) measured in the glass or batch materials regardless of the amount. Tramp amounts of these materials in the glass and/or batch are to be used to determine the value of the ratio. If any or all of the additions of B₂O₃, Na₂O, K₂O and Li₂O are not determined to be present in the glass and/or batch, the value of zero is used for that ingredient in determining the value of the ratio. For example but not limiting to the invention, if Na₂O, K₂O and Li₂O are present and B₂O₃ is not, the ratio (SiO₂+Al₂O₃)/(R2O+RO+B₂O₃) becomes (SiO₂+Al₂O₃)/(R2O+RO). If none of the ingredients B₂O₃, Na₂O, K₂O and Li₂O are determined to be present, the ratio becomes (SiO₂+Al₂O₃)/RO. In the claims when the ratio (SiO₂+Al₂O₃)/(R2O+RO+B₂O₃) is recited in a claim, if the ingredient is not recited in the claim, it is not used to determine the value of the ratio even though it is determined to be present in a glass covered by the claim. The preceding discussion is applicable to the other mathematical relationships, e.g. but not limiting thereto (R2O+RO+B₂O₃).

It should be appreciated that glass fiber compositions can include other oxides that are present as tramp materials such as BaO, ZrO₂, SrO and Cr₂O₃, which are usually present in amounts of up to 0.1 wt %.

Further, it should be appreciated that the glass compositions disclosed herein can also include small amounts of other materials, for example melting and refining aids, tramp materials or impurities. For example and without limiting the present invention, melting and fining aids, such as FeO, Fe₂O₃ and SO₃, are useful during production of the glass, but their residual amounts in the glass can vary and typically have minimal, if any, material effect on the properties of the glass product. In addition, small amounts of the additives discussed above can enter the glass composition as tramp materials or impurities included in the raw materials of the main constituents, e.g. 0 to 0.5 wt % for SO₃, FeO and Fe₂O₃.

Shown in Table 1 are several examples of glass compositions of an embodiment of the invention, which relates to the use of clay having high K₂O and low TiO₂ levels in glass batch materials and to glass compositions having high levels K₂O and low levels of TiO₂. K₂O and TiO₂ can be added to the batch materials but are not economically removed from the clays used as batch material. As can be appreciated by those skilled in the art of glass melting and as discussed above, high K₂O levels, e.g. up to 0.70 wt % in the glass raises the forming temperature by as much as about 7 to 10° C. in relation to a glass made from clay that introduces 0.10 wt % K₂O. One embodiment of the present invention relates to an improved E-type glass having low weight percent B₂O₃, a forming temperature no greater than 1230° C., preferably no greater than 1222° C. and a delta T of at least 50° C. and preferably up to 65° C. The following are the main constituents in wt % based on the total weight percent of the final glass composition. The K₂O and TiO₂ listed in the ranges below for commercial glasses may or may not be added to the batch as separate ingredient. If the K₂O and TiO₂ are not added, it is expected that they would be present in the clay in varying wt % depending on the geographical location of the clay. Although the K₂O and TiO₂ would be present in the clay, the invention contemplates separate additions of K₂O and/or TiO₂ to be within the ranges listed below.

In those instances when the clay has high wt % of K₂O, e.g. 0.60 wt %, it is necessary to counteract the effect of the K₂O. More particularly, the K₂O increases the forming temperature; therefore, the ingredients in the batch materials have to be modified so as to maintain a low forming temperature, e.g. below 1240° C. In one embodiment of the invention such a glass is as follows.

most preferred broad range preferred range range SiO₂ (wt %) 52 to 60 54 to 59 55 to 58 Al₂O₃ (wt %) 8 to 16 11 to 14 12 to 14 CaO (wt %) 21 to 26 22 to 25 23 to 25 MgO (wt %) 1 to 5 1 to 4 2 to 3 K₂O (wt %) up to 1.00 0.30 to 1.00 0.30 to 0.80 Na₂O (wt %) up to 1.00 0.30 to 1.00 0.30 to 0.90 K₂O + Na₂0 (wt %) 0.70 to 2.00 0.80 to 1.5 0.90 to 1.20 B₂O₃ (wt %) 1.00 to 3.50 1.10 to 2.00 1.20 to 1.50 Fe₂O₃ (wt %) 0.10 to 0.50 0.15 to 0.45 0.20 to 0.40 TiO₂ up to 2.0 Up to 1.5 Up to 1.3

The range provided for B₂O₃ is not limiting to the invention, and it is recommended the level of boron be adjusted to meet local environmental regulations. As such, the invention may be practiced having levels of B₂O₃ up to 3.5 wt %.

The glasses of the invention are further defined by one or more of the following relationships:

broad range preferred range wt % of CaO and 26 to 28 wt % 26 to 27.70 wt % MgO (“RO”) SiO₂/CaO 2.10 to 2.80 2.20 to 2.70 SiO₂/RO 1.90 to 2.55 1.90 to 2.40 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 3.70 to 5.00 3.7 to 4.90 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.45 to 0.65 0.50 to 0.60 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 66 to 73.70 wt % 66 to 72.10 wt % SiO₂ − RO 26.56 to 36.60 wt % 26.50 to 34 wt % Al₂O₃/RO 0.40 to 0.60 0.46 to 0.56 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 28.00 to 32.00 wt % 28.00 to 31.00 wt % (SiO₂ + Al₂O₃)/ 2.00 to 3.00 2.00 to 2.70 (R2O + RO + B₂O₃) where R2O is equal to the sum of Na₂O + K₂O.

Table 1 contains experimental samples A–E and illustrative samples F and G of glass compositions incorporating features of the invention. The ranges for the glass compositions listed on Table 1 are the minimum and maximum values for the glass compositions recited on Table 1, and for examples A–E, and F and G. More particularly, Table 1 provides the following glass compositions. A glass composition having the following ingredients:

SiO₂ 55.00 to 58 percent by weight; Al₂O₃ 12.00 to 14.00 percent by weight; CaO 23.80 to 24.80 percent by weight; MgO 2.50 to 3.00 percent by weight; TiO₂ up to 0.60 percent by weight; Na₂O 0.40 to 0.50 percent by weight; K₂O 0.40 to 0.60 percent by weight; NaO₂ + K₂O 0.85 to 1.50 percent by weight; Fe₂O₃ 0.20 to 0.40 percent by weight; B₂O₃ 1.25 to 1.55 percent by weight; the following relationship of ingredients RO 26.25 to 27.60 wt % SiO₂/CaO 2.20 to 2.40 SiO₂/RO 2.00 to 2.20 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 3.95 to 4.70 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.50 to 0.60 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 69.00 to 70.50 wt % SiO₂ − RO 28.00 to 31.00 wt % Al₂O₃/RO 0.45 to 0.55 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 28.90 to 30.00 wt % (SiO₂ + Al₂O₃)/ 2.25 to 2.45 (R2O + RO + B₂O₃) where R2O is equal to the sum of Na2O + K2O has a log3 forming temperature in the range of 1210 to 1225° C. and ΔT is in the range of 52 to 65° C.

Another glass composition defined by Examples A–E of Table 1 has the following ingredients

SiO₂ 55.60 to 57.60 percent by weight; Al₂O₃ 12.35 to 13.94 percent by weight; CaO 24.40 to 24.80 percent by weight; MgO 2.55 to 2.80 percent by weight; TiO₂ 0.55 percent by weight; Na₂O 0.45 percent by weight; K₂O 0.45 to 0.58 percent by weight; Na₂O + K₂O 0.90 to 1.03 percent by weight; Fe₂O₃ 0.25 to 0.38 percent by weight; B₂O₃ 1.30 to 1.50 percent by weight, and the following relationships: RO 26.95 to 27.56 wt % SiO₂/CaO 2.25 to 2.29 SiO₂/RO 2.02 to 2.14 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.00 to 4.66 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.51 to 0.56 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 69.18 to 69.95 wt % SiO₂ − RO 28.04 to 30.65 wt % Al₂O₃/RO 0.46 to 0.51 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 29.15 to 29.89 wt % (SiO2 + Al₂O₃)/ 2.31 to 2.40 (R2O + RO + B₂O₃) where R2O is equal to the sum of Na₂O + K₂O. The glass composition has a log3 forming temperature in the range of 1156 to 1164° C. and ΔT is in the range of 54 to 65° C.

Other glass compositions identified by Examples F and G of Table 1 have the following ingredients

SiO₂ 56.70 to 57.85 percent by weight; Al₂O₃ 12.55 to 13.67 percent by weight; CaO 23.87 to 24.45 percent by weight; MgO 2.55 to 2.62 percent by weight; TiO₂ 0.05 to 0.34 percent by weight; Na₂O 0.44 to 0.455 percent by weight; K₂O 0.45 to 0.51 percent by weight; Na₂O + K₂O 0.90 to 1.03 percent by weight; Fe₂O₃ 0.30 to 0.40 percent by weight; B₂O₃ 1.30 to 1.50 percent by weight, and the following relationships: RO 26.49 to 27.00 wt % SiO₂/CaO 2.37 to 2.38 SiO₂/RO 2.10 to 2.14 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.15 to 4.61 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.51 to 0.57 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 70.37 to 70.44 wt % SiO₂ − RO 30.21 to 30.85 wt % Al₂O₃/RO 0.46 to 0.52 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 28.94 to 29.20 wt % (SiO₂ + Al₂O₃)/ 2.41 to 2.43 (R2O + RO + B₂O₃) where R2O is equal to the sum of Na₂O + K₂O. The glasses have a log3 forming temperature in the range of 1218 to 1219° C. and ΔT is in the range of 52 to 58° C.

The experimental or laboratory examples or samples on Table 1 discussed above and on Tables 2 to 19 to be discussed below, unless indicated otherwise, were prepared from certified or reagent grade oxides (e.g., pure silica or calcia). Examples F and G on Table 1 and examples H and I on Table 2 are illustrative examples and were not prepared in the following manner. The batch size for each example was 1000 grams. The individual batch ingredients were weighed out, combined and placed in a tightly sealed glass jar or plastic container. The sealed jar or container was then placed in a paint shaker for 15 minutes or in a tubular mixer for 25 minutes to effectively mix the ingredients. A portion of the batch was then placed into a platinum crucible, filling no more than ¾ of its volume. The crucible was then placed in a furnace and heated at 1427° C. (2600° F.) for 15 minutes. The remaining batch was then added to the hot crucible and heated at 1427° C. (2600° F.) for 15 to 30 minutes. The furnace temperature was then raised to 1482° C. (2700° F.) and held there for 2 hours. The molten glass was then fritted in water and dried. The frilted samples were reheated to a temperature of 1482° C. (2700° F.) and held at that temperature for 2 hours. The molten glass was then fritted again in water and dried.

The forming temperature, i.e. the glass temperature at a viscosity of 1000 poise, was determined by ASTM method C965-81, and the liquidus temperature by ASTM method C829-81. The log 3 forming temperature of the compositions reported in Tables 1–20 were determined by a comparison of the glass against physical standards supplied by the National Institute of Standards and Testing (NIST). In the Tables, the majority of the reported log 3 forming temperatures is based on comparison to NIST 710A. Several of the reported log 3 forming temperatures are originally based on NIST 717A which uses a borosilicate standard; in those instances the values were converted to correspond to NIST 710A. Therefore all the log3 forming temperatures are considered to based on NIST 710A.

Selected samples had ingredients added that would be found in the clays used in the batch material. Such as K₂O, TiO₂, calcium fluoride, SrO and/or Cr₂O₃.

The weight percent of the constituents of the compositions shown in Tables 1–19 except for Examples F to I are based on the weight percent of each constituent in the batch. It is believed that the batch weight percent is generally about the same as the weight percent of the melted sample, except for glass batch materials that volatilize during melting, e.g. boron, fluorine and moisture absorbing materials. In the case of boron, it is believed that the weight percent of B₂O₃ in a laboratory sample will be 10 to 16 weight percent less than the weight percent of B₂O₃ in the batch composition, the precise loss depending on the composition and melting conditions. In the case of fluorine, it is believed that the weight percent of fluorine in a laboratory test sample will be about 50 percent less than the weight percent of fluorine in the batch composition, the precise loss depending on the composition and melting conditions. In the case of CaO, CaO has an certified ignition loss 3–5 wt % (an average of 4 wt %). The determination of the wt % of the batch materials for the samples listed on Tables 1–19 except for Examples F to I, through an oversight, did not take into account the ignition loss. Therefore in practicing the invention, this fact should be taken into account. Because the 4 wt % error is minimal, the recitation of the wt % of CaO recited in the claims covering the embodiments of the glass compositions listed on Tables 1–19 does not take into account the ignition loss. Table 20 has production samples; the analysis of the ingredients of the examples on Table 20 were measured using XRF analysis.

As can be appreciated by those skilled in the art of converting data from laboratory melt sample to data used to prepare batch materials for commercial glass production, the melting and fining conditions of the commercial furnace to be used to melt and fine the glass has to be taken into consideration. It is believed that glass fiber compositions made from commercial grade materials and melted under conventional operating conditions will have similar batch and melt weight percents as discussed above, with the precise loss depending, in part, on the furnace operating temperature, through-put and quality of commercial batch materials. The amount of boron and fluorine reported in the tables takes into consideration the expected loss of these materials and represents the expected amount of the material in the glass composition. It should further be appreciated that the glass compositions disclosed herein can also include small amounts of other materials, for example melting and refining aids, tramp materials or impurities. For example and without limiting the present invention, melting and fining aids, such as SO₃, are useful during production of the glass, but their residual amounts in the glass can vary and have no material effect on the properties of the glass product. In addition, small amounts of the additives discussed above can enter the glass composition as tramp materials or impurities included in the raw materials of the main constituents.

With reference to Tables 1–20, in each column of each Table, the upper portion of the column lists the wt % of the ingredients in the glass composition based on the batch materials as was discussed above. The middle portion of the column lists the mathematical relationship of the ingredients discussed above for the particular glass composition in the same column to obtain the thermal properties listed in the bottom portion of the column e.g. forming temperature, liquidus temperature and delta T (except for certain compositions of Table 20 which is discussed below). Table 20 lists production glasses. The amount of each constituent of the commercial compositions shown in the Table 20 is the weight percent in the glass. The weight percent for the B₂O₃ was determined using Neutron Transmission analysis techniques and the weight percent for the remaining constituents was determined using X-ray fluorescence analysis (also referred to as “XRF analysis”), all of which are well known to those skilled in the art.

Tables 2 through 19 include, but are not limited to glass compositions disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/980,248, filed Nov. 28, 2001, in the name of Frederick T. Wallenberger for “Glass Fiber Compositions” (hereinafter “U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/980,248”); in PCT International Application No. PCT/US01/27451, filed Sep. 5, 2001, in the name of Frederick T. Wallenberger for “Glass Fiber Forming Compositions” (hereinafter “USPCT No. 01/27451”); and in International Application No. PCT/US00/14155. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/980,248 and International Application No. PCT/US00/14155 are jointly referred to as “U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/980,248 Combined”.

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/980,248 Combined and USPCT No. 01/27451 discloses base composition for the low boron glass fibers that are suitable for textiles and glass fiber reinforcements, that may be used in the practice of the present invention. In general, the base compositions of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/980,248 Combined and USPCT No. 01/27451 include the following main constituents in weight percent ranges based on the total weight of the final glass composition with the exception that USPCT No. 01/27451 glass compositions are boron free.

broad range preferred range most preferred range SiO₂ (wt %) 52 to 62 52 to 61 53 to 59 Na₂O (wt %) 0 to 2 up to 1.5 up to 1 CaO (wt %) 16 to 25 20 to 25 22 to 24 Al₂O₃ (wt %) 8 to 16 11 to 14 12 to 14 Fe₂O₃ (wt %) 0.05 to 0.80 up to 0.5 up to 0.4 K₂O (wt %) 0 to 2 Up to 1 up to 0.1 B₂O₃ (wt %) 1 to 5 1 to 3.5 1 to 2.5

In one embodiment the glass comparison of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/980,248 Combined, the glass composition can include on or more of the following materials in the following amounts.

broad range preferred range Li₂O (wt %) 0.05 to 1.5 0.2 to 1 ZnO (wt %) 0.05 to 1.5 0.2 to 1 MnO (wt %) 0.05 to 3 up to 1 MnO₂ (wt %) 0.05 to 3 up to 1 For a complete discussion of the glass compositions disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/980,248 Combined, and disclosed in USPCT No. 01/27451, reference should be made thereto.

As discussed above the examples of Table 1 incorporate features of one embodiment of the invention, a low boron glass composition (see the upper portion of the columns on Table 1) having a forming temperature below 1240° C., more preferably below 1225° C. and a delta T of greater than 50° C.(see the lower portion of the columns on Table 1). The examples of Tables 1–20 include another feature of the invention, mathematical relationship of the ingredients in the glass composition (see middle portion of the columns on Tables 1–20) to provide a forming temperature below 1240° C. and a delta T of greater than 50° C. (see the lower portion of the columns on Tables 1–20). The mathematical relationship of the ingredients of the glass compositions on Table 1 were discussed above. Tables 2–19 include, but are not limited to examples of glass compositions disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/980,248 Combined and/or in USPCT No. 01/27451. Additional examples within the scope of the inventions of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/980,248 Combined and/or in USPCT No. 01/27451 are included herein. For example, but not a complete relationship, examples 188–236 are selected from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/980,248 Combined and examples 7–24, 43–50,78–185, and 219–267 are selected from USPCT No. 01/27451. Examples A–E, 25, 30–32, 60–75 are examples, among others, presented by this application. The examples identified as selected from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/980,248 Combined and/or in USPCT No. 01/27451 and those added to the Tables by the instant disclosure are not complete. For a complete comparison reference may be had to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/980,248 Combined and/or in USPCT No. 01/27451.

For a better appreciation of the invention the samples on Tables 2–19 are categorized according to the following types of glass compositions.

-   Type-1 Glasses boron-free (Table 2) -   Type-2 Glasses up to about 5.10 wt % B₂O₃ (Tables 3–11) -   Type-3 Glasses boron-free with lithium oxide (Tables 12 and 13) -   Type-4 Glasses boron-free with lithium and zinc oxide (Tables 14 and     15) -   Type-5 Glasses boron-free with zinc oxide (Table 16) -   Type-6 Glasses up to 5 wt % B₂O₃ with lithium oxide (Tables 17 and     18) -   Type-7 Glasses miscellaneous glass (Table 19)     Table 20, as previously discussed includes production glasses.

Table 2 (Type 1 Glasses) includes glass compositions of a quaternary system that includes SiO₂ in the range of 57–60 wt %, preferably in the range of 57.25–59.50 wt % and more preferable in the range of 57.40–59.10; Al₂O₃ in the range of 12–14 wt %, preferably in the range of 12–13.50 wt % and more preferably in the range of 12.15–13.45 wt %; CaO in the range of 23–25 wt %, preferable in the range of 23.50–24.50 wt % and more preferable in the range of 23.70–24.20 wt %, and MgO in the range of 2–3 wt %, preferably in the range of 2.25–2.75 wt % and more preferably in the range of 2.50–2.60 wt %. The glass compositions of Table 2 further include TiO₂ in the range of up to 1.25 wt %, preferably in the range of 0.25–1.20 wt % and more preferably in the range of 0.50–1.15 wt %; Na₂O in the range of 0.75–1.25, preferably in the range of 0.75–1.00 wt % and more preferably in the range of 0.85–0.9 5 wt %; and Fe₂O₃ in the range of up to 0.50 wt %, preferably 0.10–0.50 wt % and more preferably in the range of 0.30–0.40 wt %. The compositions of Table 2 are boron free. Compositions 1–6 of Table 2 further include TiO₂ in the range of 1.00–1.25 wt %, preferably in the range of 1.00–1.20 wt % and more preferably in the range of 1.05–1.15 wt %; Na₂O in the range of 0.75–1.25, preferably in the range of 0.75–1.00 wt % and more preferably in the range of 0.85–0.95 wt %; and Fe₂O₃ in the range of up to .35 wt %, preferably 0.10–0.30 wt % and more preferably in the range of 0.20–0.30 wt %. Compositions H and I include TiO₂ in the range of 0–0.9 wt %, preferably in the range of 0.25–0.75 wt % and more preferably in the range of 0.50–0.6 wt %; Na₂O in the range of 0.75–1.25, preferably in the range of 0.75–1.00 wt % and more preferably in the range of 0.85–0.95 wt %; and Fe₂O₃ in the range of up to 0.50 wt %, preferably 0.10–0.40 wt % and more preferably in the range of 0.30–0.40 wt %.

A glass composition having the ingredients of Table 2 within the above ranges and at least one of the following relationships provides a glass composition having a forming temperature below 1240° C. and a delta T of greater than 50° C., e.g.:

Relationship Broad Range Preferred Range RO (CaO + MgO) 26 to 28 wt % 26.00 to 27.25 wt % SiO₂/CaO 2.10 to 2.80 2.30 to 2.80 SiO₂/RO 1.90 to 2.55 1.90 to 2.40 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 3.70 to 5.00; 4.20 to 5.00 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.40 to 0.75 0.50 to 0.60 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 66 to 73.7 wt % 70.80 to 73.7 wt % R₂O + RO 27 to 28.15 wt 27.15 to 20 wt % (SiO₂ + Al₂O₃)/ 2.0 to 3.0 2.30 to 3.00 (R₂O + RO) SiO₂ − RO 26.5 to 36.6 wt % 30.50 to 36.60 wt % Al₂O₃/RO 0.4 to 0.6 0.46 to 0.56

The Type 1 glass compositions are not expected to have any Li₂O or K₂O, therefore R2O is equal to the wt % of Na₂O.

As can be appreciated, Table 2 also provides ranges for the ingredients and the relationships. For example, but not limiting to the invention, the ranges for the ingredients of the glass compositions listed on Table 2 are as follows:

SiO₂ 57.45 to 59.05 percent by weight; Al₂O₃ 12.20 to 13.40 percent by weight; CaO 23.75 to 24.35 percent by weight; MgO 2.55 percent by weight; TiO₂ 1.10 percent by weight; Na₂O₃ 0.90 percent by weight, and Fe₂O₃ 0.25 percent by weight.

The range of the mathematical relationships of the ingredients from Table 2 for the glass compositions listed on Table 2 is found in Table 21 in the column entitled “Type 1 Glasses”. The glasses on Table 2 have a log3 forming temperature in the range of 1232 to 1240° C. and a ΔT in the range of 58 to 74° C.

Table 2 also provides ranges for the Examples 1–6. More particularly, from Table 2 Example 1–6 glass compositions have the following ingredients and ranges:

SiO₂ 57.45 to 59.05 percent by weight; Al₂O₃ 12.20 to 13.68 percent by weight; CaO 23.75 to 24.50 percent by weight; MgO 2.55 to 2.58 percent by weight; TiO₂ 0.55 to 1.10 percent by weight; Na₂O₃ 0.90 to 0.91 percent by weight, and Fe₂O₃ 0.25 to 0.35 percent by weight.

The range of the mathematical relationship of the ingredients from Table 2 for the glass compositions of Examples 1–6 can be found on Table 21 under Type 1 Glasses. The glass compositions of Examples 1–6 have a log3 forming temperature in the range of 1232 to 1240° C. and a ΔT in the range of 58 to 74° C.

Further, Table 2 provides ranges for the Examples H and 1. More particularly, from Table 2 Examples H and I glass compositions have the following ingredients and ranges:

SiO₂ 57.60 to 58.18 percent by weight; Al₂O₃ 13.55 to 13.68 percent by weight; CaO 23.75 to 24.50 percent by weight; MgO 2.55 to 2.58 percent by weight; TiO₂ 0.55 percent by weight; Na₂O₃ 0.90 to 0.91 percent by weight, and Fe₂O₃ 0.35 percent by weight. the ranges for the mathematical relationships of the ingredients from Table 2 are as follows:

RO 26.33 to 27.05 wt % SiO₂/CaO 2.35 to 2.45 SiO₂/RO 2.13 to 2.20 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.25 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.55 to 0.58 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 71.15 to 71.86 wt % SiO₂ − RO 30.55 to 31.85 wt % Al₂O₃/RO 0.50 to 0.52 R2O + RO 27.24 to 27.95 wt % (SiO₂ + Al₂O₃)/ 2.55 to 2.64 (R2O + RO)

The glass compositions of Examples H and I have a log3 forming temperature in the range of 1238 to 1240° C. and a ΔT of 55° C.

Tables 3–11 (Type 2 Glasses) include glass compositions of a quaternary system that includes SiO₂ in the range of 50–60 wt %, preferably in the range of 52.25–59.00 wt % and more preferable in the range of 52.90–58.00 wt %; Al₂O₃ in the range of 10–14 wt %, preferably in the range of 11–14 wt % and more preferably in the range of 12–14 wt %; CaO in the range of 21–26 wt %, preferable in the range of 21.50–25.50 wt % and more preferable in the range of 22–25 wt %, and MgO in the range of 1–4 wt %, preferably in the range of 1.25–3.50 wt % and more preferably in the range of 1.45–3.25 wt %. The compositions of Tables 3–11 include B₂O₃ in an amount within the range of greater than 0 to 5.10 wt %, e.g. 0.90–5.10 wt %. The compositions of Table 3–11 further contemplate TiO₂ in the range of 0.25–1.25 wt %, more likely in the range of 0.40–1.20 wt % and most likely in the range of 0.45–1.15 wt %; Na₂O in the range of 0.25–1.25, preferably in the range of 0.35–1.00 wt % and more preferably in the range of 0.40–0.95 wt %; K₂O expected in amounts up to 0.60 wt %; and Fe₂O₃ in the range of up to 0.50 wt %, preferably up to −0.45 wt % and more preferably up to 0.40 wt %. Other ingredients included in the glass compositions of Tables 3–11 but not limited thereto are fluorine in amounts up to 0.50 wt %; SrO in amounts up to 0.15 wt % and Cr₂O₃ in amounts up to 0.15 wt %.

A glass composition having ingredients of Tables 3–11 within the above ranges and at least one of the following relationships provides a glass composition having a forming temperature below 1240° C. and a delta T of greater than 50° C.:

Relationship Broad Range Preferred Range RO (CaO + MgO) 24 to 29 wt % 24.75 to 27.60 wt % SiO₂/CaO 2.10 to 2.80 2.15 to 2.75 SiO₂/RO 1.95 to 2.55 1.90 to 2.40 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 3.70 to 5.00 3.70 to 4.90 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.45 to 0.65 0.45 to 0.65 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 66 to 73.7 wt % 66 to 72.1 wt % R₂O + RO + B₂O₃ 27.5 to 34 wt % 28 to 33 wt % (SiO₂ + Al₂O₃)/ 2.00 to 3.00 2.00 to 2.70 (R₂O + RO + B₂O₃) SiO₂ − RO 26.5 to 36.6 wt % 26.5 to 34 wt % Al₂O₃/RO 0.40 to 0.60 0.46 to 0.56

Type 2 glasses of Tables 3–11 do not consider Li₂O as an ingredient; therefore for Tables 3–11, R2O is equal to the sum of the wt % of K₂O and Na₂O. If one of the ingredients is not present in the glass it is given a 0 wt %. For the glasses listed on each of the Tables 3,4,6,7,10 and 11, only the addition of Na₂O is considered; therefore for the glasses on the individual Tables 3,4,6,7,10 and 11, R2O is equal to the wt % of Na₂O. For the glasses listed on the individual Tables 5,8 and 9, Na₂O and K₂O are considered; therefore for the glasses on the individual Tables 5,8 and 9, R2O is equal to the sum of the wt % of Na₂O and K₂O.

As can be appreciated, each of the Tables 3–11 provides ranges for the ingredients and the relationships. For example and not limiting to the invention, Tables 3–11 provide glass compositions having the following ingredients in the following ranges:

SiO₂ 53.00 to 57.75 percent by weight; Al₂O₃ 12.20 to 14 percent by weight; CaO 22.25 to 24.95 percent by weight; MgO 1.50 to 3.00 percent by weight; TiO₂ 0.50 to 1.10 percent by weight; Na₂O 0.45 to 0.90 percent by weight; K₂O 0 to 0.38 percent by weight; Fe₂O₃ 0 to 0.30 percent by weight; B₂O₃ 1.30 to 5.02 percent by weight; F 0 to 0.50 percent by weight; SrO 0 to 0.13 percent by weight, and Cr₂O₃ 0 to 0.13 percent by weight.

The mathematical relationship of the ingredients is found on Table 21 in the column entitled “Type 2 Glasses”.

Table 3 provides glass compositions having ingredients in the following ranges:

SiO₂ 56.00 to 56.65 percent by weight; Al₂O₃ 13.05 to 13.60 percent by weight; CaO 23.50 to 24.25 percent by weight; MgO 2.50 to 2.55 percent by weight; TiO₂ 0.50 to 1.10 percent by weight; Na₂O 0.90 percent by weight; Fe₂O₃ 0.25 percent by weight, and B₂O₃ 2.00 percent by weight.

The ranges for the mathematical relationships of ingredients of the glass compositions on Table 3 from Table 3 are as follows:

RO 26.05 to 26.75 wt % SiO₂/CaO 2.31 to 2.41 SiO₂/RO 2.09 to 2.17 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.12 to 4.28 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.56 to 0.57 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 69.60 to 69.95 wt % SiO₂ − RO 29.25 to 30.60 wt % Al₂O₃/RO 0.50 to 0.52 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 28.95 to 29.65 wt % (SiO₂ + Al₂O₃)/ 2.35 to 2.41 (R2O + RO + B₂O₃)

The glass compositions of Table 3 have a log3 forming temperature in the range of 1200 to 1220° C. and a ΔT is in the range of 56 to 69° C.

Table 4 provides glass compositions having Ingredients in the following ranges:

SiO₂ is 56.25 to 57.75 percent by weight; Al₂O₃ is 12.20 to 13.20 percent by weight; CaO 23.75 to 24.25 percent by weight; MgO 2.55 percent by weight; TiO₂ 1.10 percent by weight; Na₂O 0.90 percent by weight; Fe₂O₃ 0.25 percent by weight, and B₂O₃ 1.30 to 1.40 percent by weight.

The ranges for the mathematical relationships of the ingredients for the glass compositions of Table 4 from Table 4 are as follows:

RO 26.30 to 26.80 wt % SiO₂/CaO 2.32 to 2.43 SiO₂/RO 2.10 to 2.20 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.26 to 4.73 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.51 to 0.56 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 69.45 to 69.95 wt % SiO₂ − RO 29.45 to 31.45 wt % Al₂O₃/RO 0.46 to 0.50 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 28.50 to 29.00 wt % (SiO₂ + Al₂O₃)/ 2.39 to 2.45. (R2O + RO + B₂O₃)

The glass compositions of Table 4 have a log3 forming temperature in the range of 1200 to 1218° C. and a ΔT in the range of 55° C. to 70° C.

The glass compositions of Table 5 have the following ingredients in the following ranges:

SiO₂ 55.19 to 56.00 percent by weight; Al₂O₃ 13.10 to 13.80 percent by weight; CaO 24.50 to 24.67 percent by weight; MgO 2.55 to 2.95 percent by weight; TiO₂ 1.10 percent by weight; Na₂O 0.45 percent by weight; K₂O 0.45 to 0.58 percent by weight; Fe₂O₃ 0.25 to 0.38 percent by weight, and B₂O₃ 1.30 percent by weight.

The ranges for the mathematical relationships of the ingredients of the glass compositions of Table 5 from Table 5 are as follows:

RO 27.08 to 27.45 wt % SiO₂/CaO 2.25 to 2.28 SiO₂/RO 2.01 to 2.07 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.01 to 4.19 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.53 to 0.56 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 68.75 to 69.37 wt % SiO₂ − RO 27.78 to 28.92 wt % Al₂O₃/RO 0.48 to 0.51 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 29.28 to 29.74 wt% (SiO₂ + Al₂O₃)/(R2O + RO + B₂O₃) 2.31 to 2.37

The glass compositions of Table 5 have a log3 forming temperature in the range of 1210 to 1222° C. and a ΔT in the range of 53 to 79° C.

Table 6 provides glass compositions having ingredients in the following ranges:

SiO₂ 56.15 to 57.60 percent by weight; Al₂O₃ 13.25 to 13.95 percent by weight; CaO 24.40 to 24.95 percent by weight; MgO 2.55 percent by weight; TiO₂ 0.55 percent by weight; Na₂O 0.90 percent by weight; Fe₂O₃ 0.25 to 0.35 percent by weight, and B₂O₃ 1.30 percent by weight.

The ranges for the mathematical relationships of the ingredients of the glass compositions of Table 6 from Table 6 are as follows:

RO 26.95 to 27.50 wt% SiO₂/CaO 2.25 to 2.36 SiO₂/RO 2.04 to 2.14 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.01 to 4.66 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.54 to 0.57 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 69.50 to 69.99 wt % SiO₂ − RO 28.65 to 30.65 wt % Al₂O₃/RO 0.46 to 0.51 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 29.15 to 29.70 wt % (SiO₂ + Al₂O₃)/(R2O + RO + B₂O₃) 2.34 to 2.40.

The glass compositions of Table 6 have a log3 forming temperature in the range of 1211 to 1220° C. and a ΔT is in the range of 52 to 66° C.

Table 7 provides glass compositions having ingredients in the following ranges:

SiO₂ 55.25 to 56.15 percent by weight; Al₂O₃ 13.05 to 13.30 percent by weight; CaO 23.00 to 24.20 percent by weight; MgO 2.55 percent by weight; TiO₂ 0.25 to 1.25 percent by weight; Na₂O 0.90 percent by weight; Fe₂O₃ 0.25 percent by weight; and B₂O₃ 3.00 percent by weight.

The ranges for the mathematical relationships of the ingredients of the glass compositions of Table 7 from Table 7 are as follows:

RO 25.55 to 26.75 wt % SiO₂/CaO 2.28 to 2.44 SiO₂/RO 2.07 to 2.20 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.15 to 4.30 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.55 to 0.56 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 68.20 to 69.20 wt% SiO₂ − RO 28.45 to 30.60 wt % Al₂O₃/RO 0.50 to 0.51 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 29.45 to 30.65 wt % (SiO₂ + Al₂O₃)/(R2O + RO + B₂O₃) 2.24 to 2.35

The glass compositions of Table 7 have a log3 forming temperature in the range of 1193 to 1212° C. and a ΔT is in the range of 64 to 90° C.

Table 8 provides glass compositions having ingredients in the following ranges:

SiO₂ 54.12 to 55.25 percent by weight; Al₂O₃ 13.20 to 13.40 percent by weight; CaO 24.20 to 24.55 percent by weight; MgO 2.55 percent by weight; TiO₂ 0.55 percent by weight; Na₂O 0.45 to 0.50 percent by weight; K₂O 0.45 to 0.55 percent by weight; Fe₂O₃ 0.25 to 0.28 percent by weight; B₂O₃ 3.00 percent by weight; F up to 0.20 percent by weight, and SrO up to 0.12 percent by weight.

The ranges for the mathematical relationships of the ingredients of the glass compositions of Table 8 from Table 8 are as follows:

RO 26.75 to 27.55 wt % SiO₂/CaO 2.20 to 2.28 SiO₂/RO 1.96 to 2.07 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.06 to 4.15 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.54 to 0.55 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 67.55 to 68.55 wt % SiO₂ − RO 26.57 to 28.30 wt % Al₂O₃/RO 0.49 to 0.50 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 30.65 to 31.40 wt % (SiO₂ + Al₂O₃)/(R2O + RO + B₂O₃) 2.14 to 2.22

The glass compositions of Table 8 have a log3 forming temperature in the range of 1190 to 1204° C. and a ΔT is in the range of 55 to 83° C.

Table 9 provides glass compositions having Ingredients in the following ranges:

SiO₂ 53.00 to 53.50 percent by weight; Al₂O₃ 13.10 to 14.00 percent by weight; CaO 24.00 percent by weight; MgO 1.25 to 2.50 percent by weight; TiO₂ 0.50 percent by weight; Na₂O 0.90 percent by weight; K₂O 0.37 percent by weight; Fe₂O₃ 0.10 percent by weight; B₂O₃ 4.93 to 5.02 percent by weight; F 0.50 percent by weight; SrO 0.13 percent by weight, and Cr₂O₃ 0.13 percent by weight.

The ranges for the mathematical relationships of the ingredients of the glass compositions of Table 9 from Table 9 are as follows:

RO 25.50 to 26.50 wt % SiO₂/CaO 2.21 to 2.23 SiO₂/RO 2.00 to 2.10 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 3.82 to 4.05 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.55 to 0.58 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 66.10 to 67.50 wt % SiO₂ − RO 26.50 to 28.00 wt % Al₂O₃/RO 0.49 to 0.55 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 31.70 to 32.79 wt % (SiO₂ + Al₂O₃)/(R2O + RO + B₂O₃) 2.02 to 2.13

The glass compositions of Table 9 have a log3 forming temperature in the range of 1167 to 1177 and a ΔT is in the range of 57 to 69° C.

Table 10 provides glass compositions having ingredients in the following ranges:

SiO₂ 55.40 to 57.75 percent by weight; Al₂O₃ 12.20 to 13.80 percent by weight; CaO 22.25 to 24.85 percent by weight; MgO 2.05 to 2.60 percent by weight; TiO₂ 0.50 to 1.10 percent by weight; Na₂O 0.90 percent by weight; Fe₂O₃ 0.25 percent by weight, and B₂O₃ 1.00 to 3.00 percent by weight.

The ranges for the mathematical relationships of the ingredients of the glass compositions of Table 10 from Table 10 are as follows:

RO 26.80 to 27.35 wt % SiO₂/CaO 2.23 to 2.55 SiO₂/RO 2.05 to 2.27 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.04 to 4.69 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.51 to 0.59 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 69.00 to 70.95 wt % SiO₂ − RO 28.05 to 32.55 wt % Al₂O₃/RO 0.46 to 0.53 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 28.15 to 30.25 wt % (SiO₂ + Al₂O₃)/(R2O + RO + B₂O₃) 2.28 to 2.67

The glass compositions of Table 10 have a log3 forming temperature in the range of 1202 to 1240° C. and a ΔT is in the range of 53 to 100° C.

The glass compositions listed on Table 10 and the glasses within the scope of the embodiment of Table 10 have a forming temperature in the range of 1202 to 1240° C. It should be noted that the measured delta T for Example 91 was 34° C.; it is believed that this is a measuring error the liquidus temperature because the glass composition of Example 90 has similar ingredients, a lower liquidus temperature and a delta T of 100° C. Therefore the delta T of Example 91 is considered to be about 90° C. The preferred glass compositions from Table 10 are those that provide the forming temperature range 1202 to 1219° C. and a delta T greater than 5° C., more particularly Examples 78–91.

The glass compositions of Examples 78–91 of Table 10 from Table 10 have the following ingredients in the following ranges:

SiO₂ 55.40 to 56.65 percent by weight; Al₂O₃ 13.05 to 13.80 percent by weight; CaO 23.00 to 24.85 percent by weight; MgO 2.50 to 2.55 percent by weight; TiO₂ 0.50 to 1.10 percent by weight; Na₂O 0.90 percent by weight; Fe₂O₃ 0.25 percent by weight, and B₂O₃ 2.00 to 3.00 percent by weight.

The ranges for the mathematical relationships of the ingredients of the glass compositions of Examples 78–91 of Table 10 from Table 10 are as follows:

RO 25.55 to 27.35 wt % SiO₂/CaO 2.23 to 2.44 SiO₂/RO 2.03 to 2.20 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.06 to 4.34 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.54 to 0.57 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 68.95 to 69.95 wt % SiO₂ − RO 28.05 to 30.60 wt % Al₂O₃/RO 0.49 to 0.53 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 28.95 to 30.25 wt % (SiO₂ + Al₂O₃)/(R2O + RO + B₂O₃) 2.28 to 2.41

The glass composition of Examples 78–91 have a log3 forming temperature in the range of 1202 to 1219° C. and a ΔT is in the range of 53 to 100° C.

The glass compositions of Table 11 from Table 11 have the following ingredients in the following ranges:

SiO₂ 56.10 to 57.75 percent by weight; Al₂O₃ 12.20 to 13.38 percent by weight; CaO 23.75 to 24.42 percent by weight; MgO 2.55 percent by weight; TiO₂ 0.55 to 1.10 percent by weight; Na₂O 0.90 percent by weight; Fe₂O₃ 0.25 percent by weight; and B₂O₃ 1.30 to 1.40 percent by weight.

The ranges for the mathematical relationships of the ingredients of the glass compositions of Table 11 from Table 11 are as follows:

RO 26.30 to 26.97 wt % SiO₂/CaO 2.30 to 2.43 SiO₂/RO 2.08 to 2.20 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.19 to 4.73 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.51 to 0.54 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 69.48 to 69.95 wt % SiO₂ − RO 29.13 to 31.45 wt % Al₂O₃/RO 0.46 to 0.50 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 28.60 to 29.17 wt % (SiO₂ + Al₂O₃)/(R2O + RO + B₂O₃) 2.38 to 2.44

The glass compositions of Table 11 have a log3 forming temperature in the range of 1215 to 1218° C. and a ΔT in the range of 63° C. to 65° C.

Tables 12 and 13 (Type 3 Glasses) include glass compositions of a quaternary system that includes SiO₂ in the range of 55–62 wt %, preferably in the range of 56–61 wt % and more preferably in the range of 57.5–61 wt %; Al₂O₃ in the range of 10–14 wt %, preferably in the range of 11–14 wt % and more preferably in the range of 11.75–13.75 wt %; CaO in the range of 20–26 wt %, preferable in the range of 21.50–25.00 wt % and more preferable in the range of 21.75–24.50 wt %, and MgO in the range of 1–4 wt %, preferably in the range of 1.35–3.50 wt % and more preferably in the range of 1.60–3.25 wt %. The compositions of Tables 12 and 13 are boron free. The compositions of Tables 12 and 13 contemplate a TiO₂ in the range of 0.25–1.75 wt %, more likely in the range of 0.40–1.60 wt % and most likely more preferably in the range of 0.45–1.55 wt %; Na₂O in amounts up to 0.75 wt %, preferably in amounts up to 0.70 wt % and more preferably in amounts up to 0.65 wt %; Li₂O in amounts in the range of 0.10 to 1.25 wt %, preferably in the range of 0.20 to 1.10 wt %, and more preferably in the range of 0.30 to 1.00 wt %, and Fe₂O₃ in the range of up to 0.50 wt %, preferably up to 0.45 wt % and more preferably up to 0.30 wt %.

A glass composition having ingredients of Tables 12 and 13 within the above ranges and at least one of the following relationships provides a glass composition having a forming temperature below 1240° C. and a delta T of greater than 50° C.:

Relationship Broad Range Preferred Range RO (CaO + MgO) 23.50 to 27.50 wt % 23.75 to 27.00 wt % SiO₂/CaO 2.10 to 2.80 2.30 to 2.80 SiO₂/RO 1.90 to 2.55 2.10 to 2.55 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 3.70 to 5.00 4.20 to 5.00 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.45 to 0.65 0.45 to 0.60 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 66 to 73.7 wt % 70.8 to 73.7 wt % R₂O + RO 24.75 to 28 wt % 25 to 27.75 wt % (SiO₂ + Al₂O₃)/(R₂O + RO) 2.00 to 3.00 2.30 to 3.00 SiO₂ − RO 26.5 to 36.6 wt % 30.50 to 36.6 wt % Al₂O₃/RO 0.40 to 0.60 0.46 to 0.53

The Type 3 Glasses do not consider the addition of K2O; therefore for Type 3 Glasses R2O is equal to the sum of the wt % of Na₂O and Li₂O.

As can be appreciated, each of the Tables 12 and 13 provides ranges for the ingredients and the relationships. More particularly, the glass compositions of Tables 12 and 13 from Tables 12 and 13 have the following ingredients in the following ranges:

SiO₂ 57.65 to 60.75 percent by weight; Al₂O₃ 12.00 to 13.64 percent by weight; CaO 22 to 24.155 percent by weight; MgO 1.70 to 3.40 percent by weight; TiO₂ 0.50 to 1.50 percent by weight; Na₂O 0.30 to 0.60 percent by weight; Li₂O 0.30 to 1.00 percent by weight, and Fe₂O₃ up to 0.25 percent by weight.

The ranges for the mathematical relationships of the ingredients of the glass compositions of Tables 12 and 13 from Tables 12 and 13 are on Table 21 under the column entitled “Type 3 Glasses”. The glass compositions of Tables 12 and 13 have a log3 forming temperature in the range of 1205 to 1240° C., and a ΔT in the range of 50 to 100° C.

The glass compositions of Table 12 from Table 12 have the following ingredients in the following ranges:

SiO₂ 58.25 to 59.97 percent by weight; Al₂O₃ 12.19 to 13.64 percent by weight; CaO 22.04 to 23.65 percent by weight; MgO 2.50 to 3.12 percent by weight; TiO₂ 0.50 to 1.50 percent by weight; Na₂O up to 0.30 percent by weight; Li₂O 0.90 to 0.91 percent by weight, and Fe₂O₃ 0.20 to 0.25 percent by weight.

The ranges for the mathematical relationships of the ingredients of the glass compositions of Table 12 are as follows:

RO 24.94 to 26.20 wt % SiO₂/CaO 2.47 to 2.72 SiO₂/RO 2.23 to 2.40 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.31 to 4.92 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.55 to 0.59 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 71.55 to 73.03 wt % SiO₂ − RO 32.15 to 34.91 wt % Al₂O₃/RO 0.48 to 0.52 R2O + RO 25.84 to 27.10 wt % (SiO₂ + Al₂O₃)/(R2O + RO) 2.64 to 2.79

The glass compositions of Table 12 have a log3 forming temperature in the range of 1211° C. and to 1218° C., and a ΔT in the range of 56 to 68° C.

The glass compositions of Table 13 from Table 13 have the following ingredients in the following ranges:

SiO₂ 57.65 to 60.75 percent by weight; Al₂O₃ 12.00 to 13.40 percent by weight; CaO 22.00 to 24.15 percent by weight; MgO 1.70 to 3.12 percent by weight; TiO₂ 0.50 to 1.50 percent by weight; Na₂O 0.45 to 0.90 percent by weight; Li₂O 0.45 to 1.00 percent by weight, and Fe₂O₃ up to 0.25 percent by weight.

The ranges for the mathematical relationships of the ingredients of the glass compositions of Table 13 from Table 13 is as follows:

RO 24.25 to 26.70 wt % SiO₂/CaO 2.39 to 2.72 SiO₂/RO 2.16 to 2.51 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.30 to 4.92 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.50 to 0.59 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 71.05 to 73.67 wt % SiO₂ − RO 31.35 to 36.56 wt % Al₂O₃/RO 0.47 to 0.55 R2O + RO 24.91 to 27.90 wt % (SiO₂ + Al₂O₃)/(R2O + RO) 2.30 to 2.96

The glass compositions have a log3 forming temperature in the range of 1205 to 1240° C. and a ΔT are in the range of 50 to 101° C.

The glass compositions listed on Table 13 and the glasses within the scope of the embodiment of Table 13 have a forming temperature in the range of 1205 to 1240° C. and a delta T in the range of 50–100° C.; however the preferred glass compositions from Table 13 are those that provide the forming temperature range of 1205 to 1220° C. and more preferably in the range of 1205–1218° C. more particularly Examples 123, 124, 125, 127–132, 147, 153, 155, 157, 160 and 161 with the appropriate delta T, e.g. 50° C. or greater.

The glass compositions of Examples 123, 124, 125, 127–132, 147, 153, 155, 157, 160 and 161 from Table 13 have the following ingredients in the following ranges:

SiO₂ 57.65 to 60.33 percent by weight; Al₂O₃ 12.22 to 13.40 percent by weight; CaO 22.00 to 24.15 percent by weight; MgO 2.30 to 3.40 percent by weight; TiO₂ 0.50 to 1.50 percent by weight; Na₂O up to 0.45 percent by weight; Li₂O 0.45 to 1.00 percent by weight, and Fe₂O₃ up to 0.25 percent by weight.

The ranges for the mathematical relationships of the ingredients of Examples 123, 124, 125, 127–132, 147, 153, 155, 157, 160 and 161 from Table 13 are as follows:

RO 24.84 to 26.70 wt % SiO₂/CaO 2.39 to 2.72 SiO₂/RO 2.16 to 2.42 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.30 to 4.92 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.52 to 0.59 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 71.05 to 72.80 wt % SiO₂ − RO 31.35 to 35.37 wt % Al₂O₃/RO 0.47 to 0.52 R2O + RO 25.74 to 27.60 wt % (SiO₂ + Al₂O₃)/(R2O + RO) 2.30 to 2.81

The glass compositions have a log3 forming temperature in the range of 1205 to 1220° C. and in the range of 1205 to 1218° C., and a ΔT in the range of equal to and greater than 50° C. and equal to and less than 60° C.

The selection of the above examples is made based on the low forming temperature. As can be appreciated, if a high delta T is of interest then Examples 135–141, for example, would be of interest because they have a delta T in the range of 77–100° C.

The glass compositions of Examples 135–141 from Table 13 have the following ingredients in the following ranges:

SiO₂ 59.55 to 60.57 percent by weight; Al₂O₃ 12.25 to 13.10 percent by weight; CaO 22.31 to 23.85 percent by weight; MgO 1.70 to 3.10 percent by weight; Na2O up to 0.30 percent by weight TiO₂ 1.10 percent by weight, and Li₂O up to 0.60 percent by weight.

The ranges for the mathematical relationships of the ingredients of Examples 135–141 from Table 13 is as follows:

RO 24.01 to 25.95 wt % SiO₂/CaO 2.50 to 2.71 SiO₂/RO 2.29 to 2.52 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.62 to 4.88 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.52 to 0.59 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 71.80 to 73.67 wt % SiO₂ − RO 33.60 to 36.56 wt % Al₂O₃/RO 0.47 to 0.55 R2O + RO 24.91 to 26.85 wt % (SiO₂ + Al₂O₃)/(R2O + RO) 2.67 to 2.96

The glass compositions have a log3 forming temperature in the range of 1234 to 1240° C., and a ΔT is in the range of 61 to 100° C.

Tables 14 and 15 (Type 4 Glasses) include glass compositions of a quaternary system that includes SiO₂ in the range of 55–62 wt %, preferably in the range of 56–61 wt % and more preferable in the range of 57–60 wt %; Al₂O₃ in the range of 10–14 wt %, preferably in the range of 11–14 wt % and more preferably in the range of 12–13.75 wt %; CaO in the range of 21–26 wt %, preferable in the range of 21.50–25.00 wt % and more preferable in the range of 21.75–24.50 wt %, and MgO in the range of 1–3.25 wt %, preferably in the range of 1.50–3.00 wt % and more preferably in the range of 1.75–2.75 wt %. The compositions of Tables 14 and 15 are boron free. The compositions of Tables 14 and 15 contemplate TiO₂ in the range of 0.25–1.75 wt %, more likely in the range of 0.40–1.50 wt % and most likely in the range of 0.45–1.25 wt %; Li₂O in amounts in the range of 0.25 to 1.25 wt %, preferably in the range of 0.30 to 1.10 wt %, and more preferably in the range of 0.40 to 1.00 wt %, ZnO in amounts in the range of 0.25 to 1.25 wt %, preferably in the range of 0.30 to 1.15 wt %, and more preferably in the range of 0.40 to 1.10 wt %, and Fe₂O₃ in the range of up to 0.50 wt %, preferably up to 0.35 wt % and more preferably up to 0.30 wt %.

A glass composition having ingredients of Tables 14 and 15 within the above ranges and at least one of the following relationships provides a glass composition having a forming temperature below 1240° C. and a delta T of greater than 50° C.:

Relationship Broad Range Preferred Range RO (CaO + MgO) 24 to 28 wt % 25.25 to 27.00 wt % SiO₂/CaO 2.10 to 2.80 2.30 to 2.60 SiO₂/RO 1.90 to 2.55 2.10 to 2.55 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 3.70 to 5.00 4.20 to 5.00 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.45 to 0.65 0.50 to 0.60 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 68 to 73.7 wt % 70.8 to 72 wt % R₂O + RO 25 to 30 wt % 26.0 to 28 wt % (SiO₂ + Al₂O₃)/(R₂O + RO) 2.00 to 3.00 2.30 to 3.00 SiO₂ − RO 26.5 to 36.60 wt % 30.5 to 36.60 wt % Al₂O₃/RO 0.40 to 0.60 0.46 to 0.53

The Type 4 Glasses are shown only to have Li₂O; therefore for Type 4 Glasses R2O is equal to the wt % of Li₂O.

As can be appreciated, each of the Tables 14 and 15 provides ranges for the ingredients and the relationships. More particularly, the glass compositions of Tables 14 and 15 from Tables 14 and 15 have the following ingredients in the following ranges:

SiO₂ 57.35 to 59.618.30 percent by weight; Al₂O₃ 12.16 to 13.63 percent by weight; CaO 22.85 to 24.22 percent by weight; MgO 1.90 to 2.55 percent by weight; TiO₂ 0.50 to 1.10 percent by weight; Li₂O 0.45 to 0.90 percent by weight; ZnO 0.45 to 1.00 percent by weight, and Fe₂O₃ up to 0.25 percent by weight. in the range of 1195 to 1229° C., and a ΔT is in the range of 54 to 71° C. The ranges for the mathematical relationships of the ingredients of the glass compositions of Tables 14 and 15 are found on Table 21 under the column entitled “Type 4 Glasses”. The glass compositions have a log3 forming temperature.

The glass compositions of Table 14 from Table 14 have the following ingredients in the following ranges:

SiO₂ 58.00 to 58.30 percent by weight; Al₂O₃ 13.03 to 13.33 percent by weight; CaO 22.85 to 23.84 percent by weight; MgO 2.50 to 2.55 percent by weight; TiO₂ 0.50 to 1.10 percent by weight; Li₂O 0.90 percent by weight; ZnO 1.00 percent by weight, and Fe₂O₃ up to 0.25 percent by weight.

The ranges for the mathematical relationships of the ingredients of the glass compositions of Table 14 from Table 14 are as follows:

RO 25.40 to 26.34 wt % SiO₂/CaO 2.43 to 2.54 SiO2/RO 2.20 to 2.29 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.36 to 4.47 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.55 to 0.58 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 71.13 to 71.58 wt % SiO₂ − RO 31.66 to 32.75 wt % Al₂O₃/RO 0.49 to 0.52 R2O + RO 26.30 to 27.24 wt % (SiO₂ + Al₂O₃)/(R2O + RO) 2.61 to 2.71

The glass compositions have a log3 forming temperature in the range of 1204 to 1213° C., and a ΔT in the range of 56 to 71° C.

The glass compositions of Table 15 from Table 15 have the following ingredients in the following ranges:

SiO₂ 57.35 to 59.61 percent by weight; Al₂O₃ 12.16 to 13.63 percent by weight; CaO 23.14 to 24.22 percent by weight; MgO 1.90 to 2.55 percent by weight; TiO₂ 0.50 to 1.10 percent by weight; Li₂O 0.45 to 0.90 percent by weight; ZnO 0.45 to 1.00 percent by weight, and Fe₂O₃ up to 0.25 percent by weight.

The ranges for the mathematical relationships of the ingredients of the glass compositions of Table 15 from Table 15 are as follows:

RO 25.64 to 26.60 wt % SiO₂/CaO 2.41 to 2.54 SiO₂/RO 2.18 to 2.29 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.26 to 4.90 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.50 to 0.59 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 70.55 to 71.77 wt % SiO₂ − RO 31.15 to 33.61 wt % Al₂O₃/RO 0.47 to 0.53 R2O + RO 26.45 to 27.50 wt % (SiO₂ + Al₂O₃)/(R2O + RO) 2.60 to 2.71

The glass compositions of Table 15 have a log3 forming temperature in the range of 1195 to 1229° C., and a ΔT in the range of 54 to 59° C.

Table 16 (Type 5 Glasses) include glass compositions of a quaternary system that includes SiO₂ in the range of 55–62 wt %, preferably in the range of 56–61 wt % and more preferable in the range of 58–60 wt %; Al₂O₃ in the range of 10–14 wt %, preferably in the range of 11.00–13.5 wt % and more preferably in the range of 11.75–13.25 wt %; CaO in the range of 21–25 wt %, preferable in the range of 21.25–24.00 wt % and more preferable in the range of 21.25–23.00 wt %, and MgO in the range of 1–4.00 wt %, preferably in the range of 1.25–3.50 wt % and more preferably in the range of 1.50–3.50 wt %. The compositions of Table 16 are boron free. The compositions of Table 16 contemplate TiO₂ in the range of 0.50–2.00 wt %, more likely in the range of 0.50–1.50 wt % and more preferably in the range of 0.75–1.25 wt %; Na₂O in amounts in no greater than 2.00 wt %; preferably no greater than 1.50 wt %, and more preferably no greater than 1.25 wt %; ZnO in amounts in the range of 0.50 to 3.00 wt %, preferably in the range of 0.50 to 2.75 wt %, and more preferably in the range of 0.75 to 2.50 wt %, and Fe₂O₃ in the range of up to 0.50 wt %, preferably in the range of up to 0.35 wt % and more preferably in the range of up to 0.30 wt %.

A glass composition having ingredients of Table 16 within the above ranges and at least one of the following relationships provides a glass composition having a forming temperature below 1240° C. and a delta T of greater than 50° C.:

Relationship Broad Range Preferred Range RO (CaO + MgO) 23 to 28 wt % 24.0 to 27.0 wt % SiO₂/CaO 2.10 to 2.80 2.30 to 2.80 SiO₂/RO 1.90 to 2.55 2.10 to 2.55 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 3.70 to 5.00 4.20 to 5.00 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.45 to 0.65 0.45 to 0.60 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 66 to 73.7 wt % 70.8 to 73.7 wt % R2O + RO 25 to 28 wt % 26.0 to 27.0 wt % (SiO₂ + Al₂O₃)/(R2O + RO) 2.00 to 3.00 2.30 to 3.0 SiO₂ − RO 30 to 39 wt % 31.50 to 37. wt % Al₂O₃/RO 0.40 to 0.60 0.46 o 0.53

Type 5 Glasses were considered having Na₂O; therefore R2O is equal to the sum of Na₂O in wt %.

As can be appreciated, Table 16 provides ranges for the ingredients and the relationships. More particularly, the glass compositions of Table16 from Table 16 have the following ingredients in the following ranges:

SiO₂ 58.70 to 59.00 percent by weight; Al₂O₃ 11.90 to 12.00 percent by weight; CaO 22.40 to 22.50 percent by weight; MgO 3.40 percent by weight; TiO₂ 1.00 percent by weight; Na₂O 0.90 percent by weight; ZnO 1.00 to 1.50 percent by weight, and Fe₂O₃ up to 0.20 percent by weight.

The ranges for the mathematical relationships of the ingredients of the glass compositions of Table 16 from Table 16 are on Table 21 under the column entitled “Type 5 Glasses”. The glass compositions of Table 16 have a log3 forming temperature in the range of 1231 to 1234° C., and a ΔT in the range of 50 to 59° C.

Tables 17 and 18 (Type 6 Glasses) include glass compositions of a quaternary system that includes SiO₂ in the range of 50–62 wt %, preferably in the range of 52–61 wt % and more preferable in the range of 53.50–60.25 wt %; Al₂O₃ in the range of 10–14 wt %, preferably in the range of 11.00–14.00 wt % and more preferably in the range of 11.90–13.75 wt %; CaO in the range of 21–26 wt %, preferable in the range of 22.00–25.00 wt % and more preferable in the range of 22.50–24.25 wt %, and MgO in the range of 1–4.00 wt %, preferably in the range of 1.50–3.00 wt % and more preferably in the range of 2.25–2.75 wt %. The compositions of Tables 17 and 18 have B₂O₃ in the range of 0.50–5.00 wt %, preferably in the range of 0.50–4.00 and more preferably in the range of 0.75–3.25 wt %. The compositions of Tables 17 and 18 contemplate further include TiO₂ in the range of 0.25–2.00 wt %, more likely in the range of 0.35–1.50 wt % and most likely in the range of 0.40–1.25 wt %; Na₂O in amounts no greater than 1.00 wt %; preferably no greater than 0.90 wt %, and more preferably no greater than 0.75 wt %; K₂O in amounts no greater than 0.50 wt %; preferably no greater than 0.35 wt %, and more preferably no greater than 0.20 wt %; Li₂O in amounts in the range of 0.10 to 1.25 wt %, preferably in the range of 0.20 to 1.10 wt %, and more preferably in the range of 0.25 to 1.00 wt %, and Fe₂O₃ in the range of 0.10–0.50 wt %, preferably in the range of 0.15–0.50 wt % and more preferably in the range of 0.20–0.40 wt %.

A glass composition having ingredients of Tables 17 and 18 within the above ranges and at least one of the following relationships provides a glass composition having a forming temperature below 1240° C. and a delta T of greater than 50° C.:

Relationship Broad Range Preferred Range RO (CaO + MgO) 24 to 28 wt % 25.0 to 27.20 wt % SiO₂/CaO 2.10 to 2.80 2.20 to 2.70 SiO₂/RO 1.90 to 2.55 1.90 to 2.40 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 3.50 to 5.00 4.00 to 5.00 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.50 to 0.60 0.50 to 0.60 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 66 to 73.7 wt % 67 to 72.1 wt % R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 25 to 32 wt % 26.50 to 32 wt % (SiO₂ + Al₂O₃)/ 2.00 to 3.25 2.30 to 3.00 (R₂O + RO + B₂O₃) SiO₂ − RO 26.5 to 36.6 wt % 27 to 36.6 wt % Al₂O₃/RO 0.40 to 0.60 0.46 to 0.56

Type 6 Glasses of Tables 17and18 included Li₂O, K₂O and Na₂O; therefore R2O is equal to the sum in wt % of Li₂O, K₂O and Na₂O. Individual Table 17 includes Li₂O and Na₂O; therefore R2O for Table 17 is equal to the sum in wt % of Li₂O and Na₂O. Individual Table 18 includes Li₂O, K₂O and Na₂O; therefore R2O for Table 18 is equal to the sum in wt % of Li₂O, K₂O and Na₂O.

As can be appreciated, Tables 17 and 18 provide ranges for the ingredients and the relationships. More particularly, the glass compositions of Tables 17 and18 have the following ingredients in the following ranges:

SiO₂ 54.60 to 59.53 percent by weight; Al₂O₃ 12.16 to 13.63 percent by weight; CaO 22.87 to 24.05 percent by weight; MgO 2.00 to 2.55 percent by weight; TiO₂ 0.49 to 1.10 percent by weight; Na₂O 0 to 0.60 percent by weight; K₂O 0 to 0.10 percent by weight; Li₂O 0.30 to 0.91 percent by weight; Fe₂O₃ 0.23 to 0.30 percent by weight, and B₂O₃ 0.90 to 3.00 percent by weight.

The ranges for the mathematical relationships of the ingredients of the glass compositions of Tables 17 and 18 are on Table 21 under the column entitled “Type 6 Glasses”. The glass compositions of Table 17 and 18 have a log3 forming temperature in the range of 1187 to 1239° C., and a ΔT in the range of 50 to 142° C.

The glass compositions of Table 17 have the following ingredients in the following ranges:

SiO₂ 57.60 to 58.50 percent by weight; Al₂O₃ 12.76 to 13.43 percent by weight; CaO 23.40 to 23.84 percent by weight; MgO 2.50 percent by weight; TiO₂ 0.50 percent by weight; Na₂O up to 0.60 percent by weight; Li₂O 0.90 percent by weight; Fe₂O₃ 0.23 percent by weight, and B₂O₃ 1.00 to 1.20 percent by weight.

The ranges for the mathematical relationships of the ingredients of the glass compositions of Tables 17 are as follows:

RO 25.90 to 26.34 wt % SiO₂/CaO 2.42 to 2.48 SiO₂/RO 2.19 to 2.24 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.30 to 4.47 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.54 to 0.57 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 70.83 to 71.47 wt % SiO₂ − RO 31.26 to 32.39 wt % Al₂O₃/RO 0.49 to 0.52 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 27.80 to 28.44 wt % (SiO₂ + Al₂O₃)/(R2O + RO + B₂O₃) 2.49 to 2.57

Type 6 Glasses of Table 17 included Li2O, K₂O and Na₂O; therefore R2O is equal to the sum in wt % of Li₂O, K₂O and Na₂O.

The glass compositions of Table 17 have a log3 forming temperature in the range of 1192 to 1198° C., and a ΔT in the range of 55 to 63° C.

The glass compositions of Table 18 have the following ingredients in the following ranges:

SiO₂ 54.60 to 59.53 percent by weight; Al₂O₃ 12.16 to 13.63 percent by weight; CaO 22.93 to 24.05 percent by weight; MgO 2.00 to 2.55 percent by weight; TiO₂ 0.49 to 1.10 percent by weight; Na₂O up to 0.60 percent by weight; K₂O up to 0.10 percent by weight; Li₂O 0.30 to 0.91 percent by weight; Fe₂O₃ 0.23 to 0.35 percent by weight, and B₂O₃ 0.60 to 3.00 percent by weight.

The ranges for the mathematical relationships of the ingredients of the glass compositions of Tables 17 are as follows:

RO 25.80 to 26.60 wt % SiO₂/CaO 2.22 to 2.66 SiO₂/RO 2.01 to 2.39 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.09 to 4.90 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.51 to 0.59 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 67.95 to 72.05 wt % SiO₂ − RO 27.50 to 33.84 wt % Al₂O₃/RO 0.46 to 0.53 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 26.70 to 31.10 wt % (SiO₂ + Al₂O₃)/(R2O + RO + B₂O₃) 2.18 to 2.68

The glass compositions of Table 18 have a log3 forming temperature in the range of 1187 to 1239° C., and a ΔT in the range of 50 to 42° C.

The glass compositions listed on Table 18 and the glasses within the scope of the embodiment of Table 18 have a forming temperature in the range of 1187 to 1239° C. and a delta T in the range of 50–142° C.; however the preferred glass compositions from Table 18 are those that provide the forming temperature range 1187 to 1220° C. (Examples 188–213, 215–229, 213–235, 238–240, 242–260 and 262–267) and more preferably in the range of 1187–1205° C. (Examples 188–191, 194, 195, 198, 200, 201, 202–205, 208, 209, 211–213, 215–219, 221–223, 225–229, 233–235, 239, 242, 257 and 260).

A glass composition having the ingredients in the ranges mentioned above for Table 18 and having the following relationships will provide glass compositions having a log3 forming temperature in the range of 1187 to 1220° C., and a ΔT is in the range of 50 to 139° C.:

RO 25.80 to 26.60 wt % SiO₂/CaO 2.22 to 2.66 SiO₂/RO 2.01 to 2.39 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.09 to 4.87 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.51 to 0.59 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 67.95 to 72.05 wt % SiO₂ − RO 27.50 to 33.84 wt % Al₂O₃/RO 0.46 to 0.53 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 26.70 to 31.10 wt % (SiO₂ + Al₂O₃)/(R2O + RO + B₂O₃) 2.18 to 2.68

The glass compositions from Table 18 having a log3 forming temperature in the range of 1187 to 1205° C., and a ΔT in the range of 50 to 124° C. have the following ingredients and the following ranges:

SiO₂ 57.60 to 59.21 percent by weight; Al₂O₃ 12.16 to 13.63 percent by weight; CaO 22.87 to 24.06 percent by weight; MgO 2.36 to 2.50 percent by weight; TiO₂ 0.49 to 1.10 percent by weight; Na₂O up to 0.30 percent by weight; K₂O up to 0.09 percent by weight; Li₂O 0.70 to 0.90 percent by weight; Fe₂O₃ 0.23 to 0.29 percent by weight, and B₂O₃ 1.00 to 1.20 percent by weight; And the following relationships:

RO 25.23 to 26.54 wt % SiO₂/CaO 2.40 to 2.57 SiO₂/RO 2.17 to 2.32 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.26 to 4.87 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.52 to 0.59 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 70.63 to 71.73 wt % SiO₂ − RO 31.06 to 33.61 wt % Al₂O₃/RO 0.47 to 0.53 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 27.23 to 28.64 wt % (SiO₂ + Al₂O₃)/(R2O + RO + B₂O₃) 2.47 to 2.63

The selection of these examples is made based on the low forming temperature. Further examples 266–268 are glass compositions that have a low forming temperature with 0.30 wt % Li₂O. Examples 265–268 define a range of ingredients and relationship of the ingredients to provide a low Li₂O containing glass with low forming temperature. As can be appreciated and as previously discussed, if a high delta T is of interest then Examples from Table 18 have a high delta T, e.g. above 75° C. may be selected to define glass compositions.

Table 19 (Type 7 Misc. Glasses) includes glass compositions of a quaternary system that includes SiO₂ in the range of 56–60 wt %, preferably in the range of 57–59 wt % and more preferable in the range of 57.50–59 wt %; Al₂O₃ in the range of 10–14 wt %, preferably in the range of 11.00–14.00 wt % and more preferably in the range of 11.50–14.00 wt %; CaO in the range of 21–25 wt %, preferable in the range of 22.00–24.00 wt % and more preferable in the range of 22.50–24.00 wt %, and MgO in the range of 2.00–4.00 wt %, preferably in the range of 2.00–3.00 wt % and more preferably in the range of 2.25–2.75 wt %. The compositions of Table 19 include B₂O₃ in the range of 0–1.50 wt %, preferably in the range of 0–1.25 wt % and more preferably in the range of 0–1.10 wt %. The compositions of Table 19 contemplates further includes TiO₂ in the range of 0.25–1.50 wt %, more likely preferably in the range of 0.25–1.35 wt % and most likely in the range of 0.40–1.25 wt %; Na₂O in amounts no greater than 1.25 wt %; preferably no greater than 1.10 wt %, and more preferably no greater than 1.00 wt %; ZnO in amounts no greater than 0.50 wt %; preferably no greater than 0.40 wt %, and more preferably no greater than 0.35 wt %; MnO in amounts no greater than 4.00 wt %; preferably no greater than 3.50 wt %, and more preferably no greater than 3.25 wt %; MnO₂ in amounts no greater than 4.00 wt %; preferably no greater than 3.50 wt %, and more preferably no greater than 3.25 wt %, and Fe₂O₃ in the range of 0.10–0.50 wt %, preferably in the range of 0.15–0.50 wt % and more preferably in the range of 0.20–0.40 wt %.

A glass composition having ingredients of Tables 19 within the above ranges and at least one of the following relationships provides a glass composition having a forming temperature below 1240° C. and a delta T of greater than 50° C.:

Relationship Broad Range Preferred Range RO (CaO + MgO) 24 to 27 wt % 25.00 to 26.50 wt % SiO₂/ CaO 2.10 to 2.80 2.20 to 2.70 SiO₂/RO 1.90 to 2.55 1.90 to 2.40 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 3.70 to 5.00 3.70 to 4.90 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.45 to 0.65 0.55 to 0.60 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 66 to 73.7 wt % 66 to 72.1 wt % R₂O + RO + B₂O₃ 25 to 28 wt % 25.75 to 27.50 wt % (SiO₂ + Al₂O₃)/ 2.00 to 3.00 2.00 to 2.75 (R₂O + RO + B₂O₃) SiO₂ − RO 26.50 to 36.6 wt % 26.5 to 34.00 wt % Al₂O₃/RO 0.40 to 0.60 0.46 to 0.56 The Misc. Glasses included Li₂O and Na₂O; therefore R2O is equal to the sum in wt % of Li₂O and Na₂O.

Table 19 provides the following ranges for the following ingredients:

SiO₂ 57.72 to 58.70 percent by weight; Al₂O₃ 11.88 to 13.35 percent by weight; CaO 22.80 to 23.50 percent by weight; MgO 2.43 to 2.50 percent by weight; TiO₂ 0.50 to 1.10 percent by weight; Na₂O₃ 0.87–0.90 percent by weight; Li2O 0 to 0.30 percent by weight; ZnO 0 to 0.30 percent by weight; Fe₂O₃ 0.22–0.25 percent by weight; MnO 0.30 to 3.00 percent by weight; MnO₂ 0 to 3.00 percent by weight, and B₂O₃ 0 to 1.00 percent by weight.

The relationships for the ingredients of the glass compositions on Table 19 are as follows:

RO 25.23 to 26.00 wt % SiO₂/CaO 2.49 to 2.54 SiO₂/RO 2.25 to 2.29 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.40 to 4.90 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.52 to 0.57 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 69.52 to 72.05 wt % SiO₂ − RO 32.40 to 32.70 wt % Al₂O₃/RO 0.47 to 0.51 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 26.10 to 27.30 wt % (SiO₂ + Al₂O₃)/(R2O + RO + B₂O₃) 2.59 to 2.74 The glass compositions have a log3 forming temperature of in the range of 1219 to 1241° C., and a ΔT in the range of 52 to 76° C.

Table 20 (Production Glasses) Table 20 is a representation of commercial glasses having embodiments of the invention similar to the embodiment of the glass compositions of Table 4. The glass compositions are of a quaternary system that includes SiO₂ in the range of 55.97–57.07 wt %; Al₂O₃ in the range of 12.68–12.86 wt %; CaO in the range of 23.91–24.69 wt % and MgO in the range of 2.42–2.60 wt %. The compositions of Table 20 include B₂O₃ in the range of 1.15–1.70 wt %; TiO₂ in the range of 0.94–1.09 wt %; Na₂O in the range of 0.87–0.93 wt %; K₂O in the range of greater than 0.050–0.070 wt %; SrO in the range of 0.040–0.050 wt %; Cr₂O₃ in the range of 0.002–0.008 wt %; SO₃ in the range of 0.018–0.032 wt %, and Fe₂O₃ in the range of 0.255–0.278 wt %.

A glass composition having ingredients of Tables 20 within the above ranges and at least one of the following relationships provides a glass composition having a forming temperature in the range of 1203–1217° C. and a delta T in the range of 55–83° C. Several of the glass compositions do not have the forming and liquidus temperatures, and the delta T. The glass compositions without the temperatures and delta T were glass compositions made between glass compositions whose forming temperature, liquidus temperature and delta T were measured. As indicated by the position on the Table which is in general in chronological order, it is expected that the glass compositions not measured would have temperature performances similar to those that were measured. The mathematical relationships of the ingredients of the glass compositions on Table 20 are listed on Table 22 in the column entitled “Production Glasses (contain boron)”. The R2O from the listed Production Glasses is equal to the sum in wt % of Li₂O and Na₂O.

As can now be appreciated, a range for each of the ingredients of the glass compositions of Types 1 and 2 glasses (Tables 2–11) can be determined from Tables. More Particularly, Tables 1 and 2 provide a quaternary system including SiO2, Al203, CaO and MgO and the ingredients of the glass having the relationship as shown in Table 22 under the column entitled “Types 1 & 2 Glasses”. Types 1 & 2 Glasses included K₂O and Na₂O; therefore R2O is equal to the sum in wt % of K₂O and Na₂O.

The glass compositions having the following ingredients in the following ranges has a log3 forming temperature in the range of 1167 to 1240° C. and a ΔT in the range of 50 to 100° C.:

SiO₂ 53.00 to 59.05 percent by weight; Al₂O₃ 12.20 to 14.00 percent by weight; CaO 22.25 to 24.95 percent by weight, and MgO 1.50 to 3.00 percent by weight, and the composition may further include:

TiO₂ 0.50 to 1.10 percent by weight; Na₂O 0.45 to 0.90 percent by weight; K₂O 0 to 0.58 percent by weight; Fe₂O₃ 0 to 0.50 percent by weight, and B₂O₃ 0 to 5.02 percent by weight.

Further as can be appreciated, a range for each of the ingredients for Type 3–6 glasses on Tables 12–19 can be determined by selecting the lowest and highest values to define the range for an ingredient and/or relationship on Tables 12–19. More particularly Tables 12–19 provide glass compositions having a quaternary system including SiO₂, Al₂0₃, CaO and Mgo with the ingredients of the glass having the relationship shown on Table 22 under the column entitled “Types 3–6 Glasses”. Types 3–6 Glasses included Li₂O, K₂O and Na₂O; therefore R2O is equal to the sum in wt % of Li₂O, K₂O and Na₂O.

The glass composition having the following ingredients in the following ranges has a log3 forming temperature in the range of 1187 to 1240° C. and a delta T in the range of 50 to 142° C.:

SiO₂ 54.60 to 60.75 percent by weight; Al₂O₃ 11.90 to 13.64 percent by weight; CaO 22.00 to 24.22 percent by weight, and MgO 1.90 to 3.40 percent by weight, and the composition may further include:

TiO₂ 0.49 to 1.50 percent by weight; Na₂O 0 to 0.90 percent by weight; K₂O 0 to 0.10 percent by weight; ZnO 0.45 to 1.50 percent by weight; Li2O 0.30 to 1.00 percent by weight; Fe₂O₃ 0 to 0.35 percent by weight, and B₂O₃ 0 to 3.00 percent by weight.

Still further as can be appreciated, a range for each of the ingredients for boron free glasses: Type 1 Glasses (Table 2), Type 3 Glasses (Tables 12 and 13); Type 4 Glasses (Tables 14 and 15); Type 5 Glasses (Table 16) and their relationship can be determined from Tables 2 and 12–16. More particularly, Tables 2 and 12–16 glass compositions having a quaternary system including SiO₂, Al₂0₃, CaO and Mgo with the ingredients of the glass having the relationship shown on Table 22 under the column entitled “Types 1 & 3–5 Glasses”. Types 1 & 3–5 Glasses included Li₂O and Na₂O; therefore R2O is equal to the sum in wt % of Li₂O and Na₂O. Further Types 1 3&5 Glasses are boron free, therefore the formula “R2O+RO+B₂O₃” becomes “R2O+RO”.

The glass compositions having the following ingredients in the following ranges has a log3 forming temperature in the range of 1195 to 1240° C. and a delta T in the range of 50 to 100° C.:

SiO₂ 57.45 to 60.75 percent by weight; Al₂O₃ 12.00 to 13.68 percent by weight; CaO 22.00 to 24.50 percent by weight; MgO 1.70 to 3.10 percent by weight, and the composition may further include:

TiO₂ 0.50 to 1.50 percent by weight; Na₂O 0 to 0.91 percent by weight; ZnO 0 to 1.00 percent by weight; Li2O 0 to 1.00 percent by weight, and Fe₂O₃ 0 to 0.35 percent by weight.

Still further as can be appreciated, a range for each of the ingredients for boron containing: Type 2 Glasses (Tables 3–11) and Type 6 Glasses (Tables 17 and 18) and their relationship can be determined from Tables 3–11, 17 and 18. More particularly, Tables 3–11, 17 and 18 glass compositions having a boron containing (for example up to 5.05 wt %) quaternary system including SiO₂, Al₂O₃, CaO and MgO with the ingredients of the glass having the relationship shown on Table 22 under the column entitled “Types 2 & 6 Glasses”. Types 2 & 6 Glasses included Li₂O, K₂O and Na₂O; therefore R2O is equal to the sum in wt % of Li₂O, K₂O and Na₂O.

The glass compositions having the following ingredients in the following ranges has a log3 forming temperature in the range of 1167 to 1240° C. and a delta T in the range of 50 to 142° C.:

SiO₂ 53.00 to 59.53 percent by weight; Al₂O₃ 12.00 to 14.00 percent by weight; CaO 22.25 to 24.95 percent by weight, and MgO 1.50 to 3.00 percent by weight, and the composition may further include:

TiO₂ 0.40 to 1.10 percent by weight; Na₂O 0 to 0.90 percent by weight; K₂O 0 to 0.30 percent by weight; F 0 to 0.50 percent by weight; SrO 0 to 0.13 percent by weight; Cr2O3 0 to 0.13 percent by weight; Li2O 0 to 0.91 percent by weight, and Fe₂O₃ 0 to 0.30 percent by weight.

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes could be made to the embodiments described above without departing from the broad inventive concept thereof. For example, but not limiting thereto, one, two, three or more or all of the formulas discussed above setting forth the mathematical relationship of the ingredients may be used to identify properties of a glass composition. Based on the description of the embodiments of the invention, it can be appreciated that this invention is not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but it is intended to cover modifications that are within the spirit and scope of the invention, as defined by the appended claims.

TABLE 1 Examples Components (wt %) A B C D E F G SiO₂ 55.60 56.45 55.70 57.60 56.35 56.70 57.85 Al₂O₃ 13.58 13.25 13.94 12.35 13.45 13.67 12.55 CaO 24.76 24.75 24.80 24.40 24.65 23.87 24.45 MgO 2.80 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.62 2.55 TiO₂ 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.34 0.05 Na₂O 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.44 0.45 K₂O 0.58 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.51 0.45 Fe₂O₃ 0.38 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.35 0.35 B₂O₃ 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.50 1.30 RO (CaO + MgO) 27.56 27.30 27.35 26.95 27.20 26.49 27.00 SiO₂/CaO 2.25 2.28 2.25 2.36 2.29 2.38 2.37 SiO₂/RO 2.02 2.07 2.04 2.14 2.07 2.14 2.14 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.09 4.26 4.00 4.66 4.19 4.15 4.61 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.55 0.54 0.56 0.51 0.55 0.57 0.51 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 69.18 69.70 69.64 69.95 69.80 70.37 70.44 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 29.89 29.50 29.55 29.15 29.40 28.94 29.20 (Si + Al)/(R2O + RO + B) 2.31 2.36 2.36 2.40 2.37 2.43 2.41 SiO₂ − RO 28.04 29.15 28.35 30.65 29.15 30.21 30.85 Al₂O₃/RO 0.49 0.49 0.51 0.46 0.49 0.52 0.46 Log3 FT, ° C. 1213 1220 1220 1221 1221 1218 1219 Liquidus T, ° C. 1159 1160 1165 1164 1156 1160 1167 Delta T, ° C. 54 60 55 57 65 58 52

TABLE 2 Type 1 Glasses Examples Components (wt %) H I 1 2 3 4 5 6 SiO₂ 57.60 58.18 57.75 57.45 57.65 58.05 57.95 59.05 Al₂O₃ 13.55 13.68 13..20 13.40 13.40 13.40 13.20 12.20 CaO 24.50 23.75 24.25 24.35 24.15 23.75 24.05 23.95 MgO 2.55 2.58 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 TiO₂ 0.55 0.55 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 Na₂O 0.90 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 Fe₂O₃ 0.35 0.35 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 B₂O₃ — — — — — — — — RO (CaO + MgO) 27.05 26.33 26.80 26.90 26.70 26.30 26.60 26.50 SiO₂/CaO 2.35 2.45 2.38 2.36 2.39 2.44 2.41 2.47 SiO₂/RO 2.13 2.20 2.15 2.14 2.16 2.21 2.18 2.23 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.25 4.25 4.38 4.29 4.30 4.33 4.39 4.84 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.55 0.58 0.54 0.55 0.56 0.56 0.55 0.51 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 71.15 71.86 70.95 70.85 71.05 71.45 71.15 71.25 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 27.95 27.24 27.70 27.80 27.60 27.20 27.50 27.40 (Si + Al)/(R2O + RO + B) 2.55 2.64 2.56 2.55 2.57 2.63 2.59 2.60 SiO₂ − RO 30.55 31.85 30.95 30.55 30.95 31.75 31.35 32.55 Al₂O₃/RO 0.50 0.52 0.49 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.50 0.46 Log3 FT, ° C. 1240 1238 1232 1238 1240 1240 1235 1239 Liquidus T, ° C. 1185 1183 1166 1165 1166 1167 1164 1181 Delta T, ° C. 55 55 66 73 74 73 71 58

TABLE 3 Type 2 Glasses Examples Components (wt %) 7 8 9 10 11 12 SiO₂ 56.00 56.40 56.35 56.65 56.20 56.50 Al₂O₃ 13.60 13.40 13.60 13.05 13.60 13.20 CaO 24.25 24.05 23.85 23.50 24.05 23.50 MgO 2.50 2.50 2.55 2.55 2.50 2.55 TiO₂ 0.50 0.50 0.50 1.10 0.50 1.10 Na₂O 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 Fe₂O₃ 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 B₂O₃ 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 RO (CaO + MgO) 26.75 26.55 26.40 26.05 26.55 26.05 SiO₂/CaO 2.31 2.35 2.36 2.41 2.34 2.40 SiO₂/RO 2.09 2.12 2.13 2.17 2.12 2.17 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.12 4.21 4.14 4.34 4.13 4.28 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.56 0.56 0.57 0.56 0.57 0.56 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 69.60 69.80 69.95 69.70 69.80 69.70 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 29.65 29.45 29.30 28.95 29.45 28.95 (Si + Al)/(R2O + RO + B) 2.35 2.37 2.39 2.41 2.37 2.41 SiO₂ − RO 29.25 29.85 29.95 30.60 29.65 30.45 Al₂O₃/RO 0.51 0.50 0.52 0.50 0.51 0.51 Log3 FT, ° C. 1213 1216 1218 1218 1219 1220 Liquidus T, ° C. 1136 1143 1138 1131 1136 1133 Delta T, ° C. 59 56 62 69 65 69

TABLE 4 Type 2 Glasses Examples Components (wt %) 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 SiO₂ 56.25 56.45 56.75 56.50 56.75 57.5 56.75 57.75 57.75 57.75 Al₂O₃ 13.2 13.20 13.20 13.20 13.20 12.2 13.2 12.2 12.2 12.2 CaO 24.25 24.25 23.95 24.00 23.75 24 23.95 23.75 23.75 23.95 MgO 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 TiO₂ 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 Na₂O 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 Fe₂O₃ 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 B₂O₃ 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.40 1.30 1.20 1.40 1.30 1.40 RO (CaO + MgO) 26.80 26.80 26.50 26.55 26.30 26.55 26.50 26.30 26.30 26.50 SiO₂/CaO 2.32 2.33 2.37 2.35 2.39 2.40 2.37 2.43 2.43 2.41 SiO₂/RO 2.10 2.11 2.14 2.13 2.16 2.17 2.14 2.20 2.20 2.18 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.26 4.28 4.30 4.28 4.30 4.71 4.30 4.73 4.73 4.73 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.54 0.54 0.55 0.55 0.56 0.51 0.55 0.51 0.51 0.51 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 69.45 69.65 69.95 69.70 69.95 69.70 69.95 69.95 69.95 69.95 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 29.00 29.00 28.70 28.75 28.60 28.75 28.60 28.60 28.50 28.80 (Si + Al)/(R2O + RO + B) 2.39 2.40 2.44 2.42 2.45 2.42 2.45 2.45 2.45 2.43 SiO₂ − RO 29.45 29.65 30.25 29.95 30.45 30.95 30.25 31.45 31.45 31.25 Al₂O₃/RO 0.49 0.49 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.46 0.50 0.46 0.46 0.46 Log3 FT, ° C. 1210 1214 1215 1215 1215 1216 1216 1217 1217 1218 Liquidus T, ° C. 1154 1159 1154 1154 1160 1152 1147 1151 1147 1155 Delta T, ° C. 56 55 61 61 55 64 69 66 70 63

TABLE 5 Type 2 Glasses Examples Components (wt %) 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 SiO₂ 55.40 55.40 55.19 55.40 56.05 55.85 56.00 55.90 55.40 55.19 Al₂O₃ 13.60 13.60 13.59 13.60 13.10 13.38 13.37 13.37 13.80 13.59 CaO 24.50 24.50 24.55 24.50 24.55 24.67 24.53 24.63 24.50 24.55 MgO 2.95 2.95 2.86 2.95 2.75 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.75 2.86 TiO₂ 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 Na₂O 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 K₂O 0.45 0.45 0.58 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.58 Fe₂O₃ 0.25 0.25 0.38 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.38 B₂O₃ 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 RO (CaO + MgO) 27.45 27.45 27.41 27.45 27.30 27.22 27.08 27.18 27.25 27.41 SiO₂/CaO 2.26 2.26 2.25 2.26 2.28 2.26 2.28 2.27 2.26 2.25 SiO₂/RO 2.02 2.02 2.01 2.02 2.05 2.05 2.07 2.06 2.03 2.01 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.07 4.07 4.06 4.07 4.28 4.17 4.19 4.18 4.01 4.06 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.56 0.56 0.55 0.56 0.53 0.54 0.55 0.54 0.56 0.55 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 69.00 69.00 68.78 69.00 69.15 69.23 69.37 69.27 69.20 68.78 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 29.65 29.65 29.74 29.65 29.50 29.42 29.28 29.38 29.45 29.74 (Si + Al)/(R2O + RO + B) 2.33 2.33 2.31 2.33 2.34 2.35 2.37 2.36 2.35 2.31 SiO₂ − RO 27.95 27.95 27.78 27.95 28.75 28.63 28.92 28.72 28.15 27.78 Al₂O₃/RO 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.48 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.51 0.50 Log3 FT, ° C. 1210 1211 1216 1217 1218 1220 1221 1221 1221 1222 Liquidus T, ° C. 1157 1151 1154 1167 1156 1148 1157 1142 1167 1154 Delta T, ° C. 53 60 62 56 62 72 64 79 54 63

TABLE 6 Type 2 Glasses Examples Components (wt %) 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 SiO₂ 56.60 56.50 56.50 55.95 57.60 56.50 56.45 56.50 56.55 56.15 Al₂O₃ 13.25 13.45 13.45 13.95 12.35 13.49 13.48 13.45 13.35 13.35 CaO 24.60 24.50 24.50 24.55 24.40 24.46 24.52 24.50 24.55 24.95 MgO 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 TiO₂ 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 Na₂O 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 Fe₂O₃ 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.35 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 B₂O₃ 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 RO (CaO + MgO) 27.15 27.05 27.05 27.10 26.95 27.01 27.07 27.05 27.10 27.50 SiO₂/CaO 2.30 2.31 2.31 2.28 2.36 2.31 2.30 2.31 2.30 2.25 SiO₂/RO 2.08 2.09 2.09 2.06 2.14 2.09 2.09 2.09 2.09 2.04 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.27 4.20 4.20 4.01 4.66 4.19 4.19 4.20 4.24 4.21 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.54 0.55 0.55 0.57 0.51 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.54 0.54 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 69.85 69.95 69.95 69.90 69.95 69.99 69.93 69.95 69.90 69.50 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 29.35 29.25 29.25 29.30 29.15 29.21 29.27 29.25 29.30 29.70 (Si + Al)/(R2O + RO + B) 2.38 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.40 2.40 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.34 SiO₂ − RO 29.45 29.45 29.45 28.85 30.65 29.49 29.38 29.45 29.45 28.65 Al₂O₃/RO 0.49 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.46 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.49 0.49 Log3 FT, ° C. 1211 1212 1215 1216 1216 1218 1219 1220 1220 1220 Liquidus T, ° C. 1153 1158 1157 1162 1164 1161 1158 1160 1155 1154 Delta T, ° C. 58 54 58 54 52 57 61 60 65 66

TABLE 7 Type 2 Glasses Examples Components (wt %) 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 SiO₂ 55.50 55.25 55.25 55.5 55.00 55.75 55.75 55.75 56.00 56.15 Al₂O₃ 13.20 13.20 13.30 13.30 13.20 13.30 13.20 13.20 13.30 13.05 CaO 23.50 23.75 24.20 23.95 24.00 23.70 23.25 23.25 23.45 23.00 MgO 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 TiO₂ 1.10 1.10 0.55 0.55 1.10 0.55 1.10 1.10 0.55 1.10 Na₂O 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 Fe₂O₃ 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 B₂O₃ 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 RO (CaO + MgO) 26.05 26.30 26.75 26.50 26.55 26.25 25.80 25.80 26.00 25.55 SiO₂/CaO 2.36 2.33 2.28 2.32 2.29 2.35 2.40 2.40 2.39 2.44 SiO₂/RO 2.13 2.10 2.07 2.09 2.07 2.12 2.16 2.16 2.15 2.20 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.20 4.19 4.15 4.17 4.17 4.19 4.22 4.22 4.21 4.30 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.56 0.56 0.55 0.56 0.55 0.56 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 68.70 68.45 68.55 68.80 68.20 69.05 68.95 68.95 69.30 69.20 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 29.95 30.20 30.65 30.40 30.45 30.15 29.70 29.70 29.90 29.45 (Si + Al)/(R2O + RO + B) 2.29 2.27 2.24 2.26 2.24 2.29 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.35 SiO₂ − RO 29.45 28.95 28.50 29.00 28.45 29.50 29.95 29.95 30.00 30.60 Al₂O₃/RO 0.51 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 Log3 FT, ° C. 1193 1198 1198 1200 1201 1201 1204 1204 1207 1212 Liquidus T, ° C. 1129 1122 1128 1129 1127 1127 1127 1123 1127 1122 Delta T, ° C. 64 76 70 71 74 74 77 81 80 90

TABLE 8 Type 2 Glasses Examples Components (wt %) 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 SiO₂ 54.20 54.50 54.12 55.00 54.5 54.5 54.7 54.50 54.20 54.50 54.80 Al₂O₃ 13.35 13.25 13.30 13.25 13.25 13.25 13.2 13.25 13.35 13.25 13.25 CaO 24.55 24.55 24.55 24.25 24.55 24.55 24.5 24.55 24.55 24.55 24.25 MgO 2.55 2.55 3.00 2.55 2.67 2.67 2.55 2.65 2.85 2.65 2.55 TiO₂ 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 Na₂O 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 K₂O 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 Fe₂O₃ 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 B₂O₃ 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 F 0.20 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.20 SrO 0.12 0.12 0.10 0.12 0.10 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 RO (CaO + MgO) 27.10 27.10 27.55 26.80 27.22 27.22 27.05 27.20 27.40 27.20 26.80 SiO₂/CaO 2.21 2.22 2.20 2.27 2.22 2.22 2.23 2.22 2.21 2.22 2.26 SiO₂/RO 2.00 2.01 1.96 2.05 2.00 2.00 2.02 2.00 1.98 2.00 2.04 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.06 4.11 4.07 4.15 4.11 4.11 4.14 4.11 4.06 4.11 4.14 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.55 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.55 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 67.55 67.75 67.42 68.25 67.75 67.75 67.90 67.75 67.55 67.75 68.05 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 31.10 31.10 31.55 30.80 31.22 31.22 31.05 31.20 31.40 31.20 30.80 (Si + Al)/(R2O + RO + B) 2.17 2.18 2.14 2.22 2.17 2.17 2.19 2.17 2.15 2.17 2.21 SiO₂ − RO 27.10 27.40 26.57 28.20 27.28 27.28 27.65 27.30 26.80 27.30 28.00 Al₂O₃/RO 0.49 0.49 0.48 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 Log3 FT, ° C. 1190 1194 1196 1197 1201 1199 1201 1196 1196 1197 1197 Liquidus T, ° C. 1120 1124 1132 1124 1131 1137 1119 1130 1130 1127 1121 Delta T, ° C. 70 70 64 73 70 62 82 66 66 70 76 Examples Components (wt %) 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 721 73 74 SiO₂ 55.05 54.95 54.20 55.25 54.8 55.25 54.95 54.75 54.55 54.80 54.70 Al₂O₃ 13.25 13.25 13.35 13.30 13.25 13.30 13.25 13.20 13.40 13.20 13.30 CaO 24.20 24.3 24.55 24.20 24.25 24.20 24.30 24.45 24.45 24.40 24.40 MgO 2.55 2.55 2.85 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 TiO₂ 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 Na₂O 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 K₂O 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.45 0.55 0.45 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 Fe₂O₃ 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.25 0.28 0.25 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 B₂O₃ 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 F 0.10 0.10 0.10 — 0.20 — — 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 SrO 0.12 0.12 0.12 — 0.12 — 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 RO (CaO + MgO) 26.75 26.85 27.40 26.75 26.80 26.75 26.85 27.00 27.00 26.95 26.95 SiO₂/CaO 2.27 2.26 2.21 2.28 2.26 2.28 2.26 2.24 2.23 2.25 2.24 SiO₂/RO 2.06 2.05 1.98 2.07 2.04 2.07 2.05 2.03 2.02 2.03 2.03 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.15 4.15 4.06 4.15 4.14 4.15 4.15 4.15 4.07 4.15 4.11 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.55 0.55 0.54 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.54 0.55 0.54 0.55 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 68.30 68.20 67.55 68.55 68.05 68.55 68.20 67.95 67.95 68.00 68.00 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 30.75 30.85 31.40 30.65 30.80 30.65 30.85 31.00 31.00 30.95 30.95 (Si + Al)/(R2O + RO + B) 2.22 2.21 2.15 2.24 2.21 2.24 2.21 2.19 2.19 2.20 2.20 SiO₂ − RO 28.30 28.10 26.80 28.50 28.00 28.50 28.10 27.75 27.55 27.85 27.75 Al ₂O₃/RO 0.50 0.49 0.49 0.50 0.49 0.50 0.49 0.49 0.50 0.49 0.49 Log3 FT, ° C. 1198 1198 1199 1202 1202 1203 1203 1203 1203 1204 1204 Liquidus T, ° C. 1127 1123 1137 1126 1147 1124 1125 1125 1124 1121 1122 Delta T, ° C. 71 75 62 76 55 79 78 78 79 83 82

TABLE 9 Type 2 Glasses Examples Components (wt %) 75 76 77 SiO₂ 53.00 53.00 53.50 Al₂O₃ 13.10 13.50 14.00 CaO 24.00 24.00 24.00 MgO 2.50 2.50 1.50 TiO₂ 0.50 0.50 0.50 Na₂O 0.90 0.90 0.90 K₂O 0.37 0.37 0.37 Fe₂O₃ 0.10 0.10 0.10 B₂O₃ 5.02 4.93 4.94 F 0.50 0.50 0.50 SrO 0.13 0.13 0.13 Cr₂O₃ 0.13 0.13 0.13 RO (CaO + MgO) 26.50 26.50 25.50 SiO₂/CaO 2.21 2.21 2.23 SiO₂/RO 2.00 2.00 2.10 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.05 3.93 3.82 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.55 0.56 0.58 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 66.10 66.50 67.50 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 32.79 32.70 31.71 (Si + Al)/ 2.02 2.03 2.13 (R2O + RO + B) SiO₂ − RO 26.50 26.50 28.00 Al₂O₃/RO 0.49 0.51 0.55 Log3 FT, ° C. 1167 1172 1177 Liquidus T, ° C. 1110 1103 1122 Delta T, ° C. 57 69 57

TABLE 10 Type 2 Glasses Examples Components (wt %) 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 SiO₂ 55.40 55.80 56.20 55.75 56.35 55.60 55.80 56.40 56.0 56.00 56.00 56.65 Al₂O₃ 13.60 13.40 13.60 13.20 13.60 13.60 13.60 13.40 13.60 13.80 13.60 13.05 CaO 24.85 24.65 24.05 23.25 23.85 24.65 24.45 24.05 24.25 24.05 24.25 23.50 MgO 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.55 2.55 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.55 TiO₂ 0.50 0.50 0.50 1.10 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 1.10 Na₂O 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 Fe₂O₃ 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 B₂O₃ 2.00 2.00 2.00 3.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 RO 27.35 27.15 26.55 25.80 26.40 27.15 26.95 26.55 26.75 26.55 26.75 26.05 SiO₂/CaO 2.23 2.25 2.34 2.40 2.36 2.26 2.28 2.35 2.31 2.33 2.31 2.41 SiO₂/RO 2.03 2.06 2.12 2.16 2.13 2.05 2.07 2.12 2.09 2.11 2.09 2.17 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.07 4.16 4.13 4.22 4.14 4.09 4.10 4.21 4.12 4.06 4.11 4.34 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.54 0.54 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.55 0.56 0.55 0.56 0.57 0.56 0.56 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 69.00 69.20 69.80 68.95 69.95 69.20 69.40 69.80 69.60 69.80 69.60 69.70 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 30.25 30.05 29.45 29.70 29.30 30.05 29.85 29.45 29.65 29.45 29.65 28.95 (Si + Al)/(R2O + RO + B) 2.28 2.30 2.37 2.32 2.39 2.30 2.32 2.37 2.35 2.37 2.35 2.41 SiO₂ − RO 28.05 28.65 29.65 29.95 29.95 28.45 28.85 29.85 29.25 29.45 29.25 30.60 Al₂O₃/RO 0.50 0.49 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.52 0.51 0.50 Log3 FT, ° C. 1217 1211 1219 1204 1218 1211 1209 1216 1213 1219 1202 1218 Liquidus T, ° C. 1153 1156 1136 1127 1138 1154 1156 1143 1136 1151 1137 1131 Delta T, ° C. 64 55 83 77 80 57 53 73 77 68 65 87 Examples Components (wt %) 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 SiO₂ 56.25 56.15 57.75 57.75 56.75 57.15 57.25 58.55 57.25 56.25 Al₂O₃ 13.20 13.05 13.20 12.20 13.20 13.05 13.20 12.20 12.20 13.20 CaO 23.25 23.00 24.25 24.25 24.25 24.00 24.25 23.45 23.75 23.75 MgO 2.55 2.55 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.55 2.50 2.55 2.50 2.50 TiO₂ 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 Na₂O 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 Fe₂O₃ 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 B₂O₃ 3.00 3.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 RO 25.80 25.55 26.75 26.75 26.75 26.55 26.75 26.00 26.25 26.25 SiO₂/CaO 2.41 2.44 2.38 2.38 2.34 2.38 2.36 2.50 2.41 2.37 SiO₂/RO 2.18 2.20 2.16 2.16 2.12 2.15 2.14 2.25 2.18 2.14 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.26 4.30 4.38 4.73 4.30 4.38 4.33 4.80 4.69 4.26 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.56 0.56 0.54 0.50 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.52 0.51 0.56 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 69.45 69.20 70.95 69.95 69.95 70.20 70.45 70.75 69.45 69.45 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 29.70 29.45 28.65 28.65 28.65 28.45 28.65 27.90 29.15 29.15 (Si + Al)/(R2O + RO + B) 2.34 2.34 2.67 2.44 2.44 2.47 2.47 2.54 2.38 2.38 SiO₂ − RO 30.45 30.60 31.00 31.00 30.00 30.60 30.50 32.55 31.00 30.00 Al₂O₃/RO 0.51 0.51 0.49 046 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.47 0.46 0.50 Log3 FT, ° C. 1214 1212 1240 1227 1228 1235 1239 1236 1227 1224 LiquidusT, ° C. 1114 1178 1178 1164 1161 1154 1159 1159 1148 1149 Delta T, ° C. 100 34 62 63 67 81 80 77 79 75 Examples Components (wt %) 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 SiO₂ 56.65 56.75 58.05 55.80 57.25 56.75 56.25 56.50 55.80 56.75 Al₂O₃ 13.05 13.20 12.20 13.60 13.20 13.20 13.20 13.20 13.80 13.20 CaO 23.50 23.25 22.95 24.45 22.75 23.75 23.75 23.50 24.25 22.25 MgO 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.50 2.50 2.05 2.55 2.55 2.50 2.55 TiO₂ 1.10 1.10 1.10 0.50 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 0.50 1.10 Na₂O 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 Fe₂O₃ 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 B₂O₃ 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 3.00 RO 26.05 25.80 25.50 26.95 25.25 25.80 26.30 26.05 26.75 24.80 SiO₂/CaO 2.41 2.44 2.53 2.28 2.52 2.39 2.37 2.40 2.30 2.55 SiO₂/RO 2.17 2.20 2.28 2.07 2.27 2.20 2.14 2.16 2.09 2.29 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.34 4.30 4.76 4.10 4.34 4.30 4.26 4.28 4.04 4.30 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.56 0.57 0.53 0.56 0.58 0.56 0.55 0.56 0.57 0.59 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 69.70 69.95 70.25 69.40 70.45 69.95 69.45 69.70 69.60 69.95 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 28.95 28.70 28.40 29.85 28.15 28.70 29.20 28.95 29.65 28.70 (Si + Al)/(R2O + RO + B) 2.41 2.44 2.47 2.32 2.50 2.44 2.38 2.41 2.35 2.44 SiO₂ − RO 30.60 30.95 32.55 28.85 32.00 30.95 29.95 30.45 29.05 31.95 Al₂O₃/RO 0.50 0.51 0.48 0.50 0.52 0.51 0.50 0.51 0.52 0.53 Log3 FT, ° C. 1225 1225 1225 1222 1237 1230 1220 1220 1222 1221 Liquidus T, ° C. 1145 1147 1142 1153 1149 1141 1131 1133 1137 1121 Delta T, ° C. 80 78 83 69 86 89 89 87 85 100

TABLE 11 Type 2 Glasses Examples Components (wt %) 110 111 112 SiO₂ 57.75 57.75 56.10 Al₂O₃ 12.2 12.2 13.38 CaO 23.75 23.95 24.42 MgO 2.55 2.55 2.55 TiO₂ 1.10 1.10 0.55 Na₂O 0.90 0.90 0.90 K₂O — — — Fe₂O₃ 0.25 0.25 0.25 B₂O₃ 1.40 1.40 1.30 RO (CaO + MgO) 26.30 26.50 26.97 SiO₂/CaO 2.43 2.41 2.30 SiO₂/RO 2.20 2.18 2.08 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.73 4.73 4.19 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.51 0.51 0.54 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 69.95 69.95 69.48 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 28.60 28.80 29.17 (Si + Al)/ 2.44 2.43 2.38 (R2O + RO + B) SiO₂ − RO 31.45 31.25 29.13 Al₂O₃/RO 0.46 0.46 0.50 Log3 FT, ° C. 1217 1218 1215 Liquidus T, ° C. 1151 1155 1150 Delta T, ° C. 66 63 65

TABLE 12 Type 3 Glasses Examples Components (wt %) 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 SiO₂ 58.70 57.95 58.35 60.05 58.25 58.86 59.97 59.16 58.76 Al₂O₃ 13.35 13.20 13.20 12.98 13.40 13.44 12.19 13.24 13.64 CaO 23.50 24.05 23.65 22.14 23.55 23.55 22.25 23.45 23.45 MgO 2.50 2.55 2.55 3.12 2.55 2.50 2.90 2.50 2.50 TiO₂ 0.50 1.10 1.10 0.55 1.10 0.50 1.50 0.50 0.50 Na₂O 0.30 — — — — — — — — K₂O — — — — — — — — — Li₂O 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 Fe₂O₃ 0.20 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 B₂O₃ — — — — — — — — — RO (CaO + MgO) 26.00 26.60 26.20 25.26 26.10 26.05 25.15 25.95 25.95 SiO₂/CaO 2.50 2.41 2.47 2.71 2.47 2.50 2.70 2.52 2.51 SiO₂/RO 2.26 2.18 2.23 2.38 2.23 2.26 2.38 2.28 2.26 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.40 4.39 4.42 4.63 4.35 4.38 4.92 4.47 4.31 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.57 0.55 0.56 0.59 0.57 0.57 0.55 0.56 0.58 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 72.05 71.15 71.55 73.03 71.65 72.30 72.16 72.40 72.40 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 27.20 27.50 27.10 26.17 27.00 26.95 26.05 26.85 26.85 (Si + Al)/(R2O + RO + B) 2.65 2.59 2.64 2.79 2.65 2.68 2.77 2.70 2.70 SiO₂ − RO 32.70 31.35 32.15 34.79 32.15 32.81 34.82 33.21 32.81 Al₂O₃/RO 0.51 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.51 0.52 0.48 0.51 0.53 Log3 FT, ° C. 1211 1205 1211 1214 1215 1216 1217 1218 1218 Liquidus T, ° C. 1153 1151 1146 1159 1153 1153 1161 1156 1150 Delta T, ° C. 58 54 65 55 62 63 56 62 68

TABLE 13 Type 3 Glasses Examples Components (wt %) 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 SiO₂ 58.70 59.30 57.65 58.96 58.15 60.09 60.21 60.33 59.73 59.85 Al₂O₃ 13.35 12.10 13.40 13.24 13.20 12.22 12.24 12.27 12.92 12.95 CaO 23.50 22.60 24.15 23.65 23.85 23.31 23.35 23.40 22.00 22.04 MgO 2.50 3.40 2.55 2.50 2.55 2.70 2.50 2.30 3.10 2.90 TiO₂ 0.50 1.50 1.10 0.50 1.10 0.50 0.50 0.50 1.10 1.10 Na₂O 0.60 0.45 — — — — — — — — Li₂O 0.60 0.45 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 Fe₂O₃ 0.25 0.20 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 B₂O₃ — — — — — — — — — — RO (CaO + MgO) 26.00 26.00 26.70 26.15 26.40 26.01 25.85 25.70 25.10 24.94 SiO₂/CaO 2.50 2.62 2.39 2.49 2.44 2.58 2.58 2.58 2.70 2.72 SiO₂/RO 2.26 2.28 2.16 2.25 2.20 2.31 2.33 2.35 2.38 2.40 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.40 4.90 4.30 4.45 4.41 4.92 4.92 4.92 4.62 4.62 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.57 0.54 0.55 0.56 0.55 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.59 0.59 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 72.05 71.40 71.05 72.20 71.35 72.31 72.45 72.60 72.65 72.80 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 27.20 27.45 27.60 27.05 27.30 26.91 26.75 26.60 26.00 25.84 (Si + Al)/(R2O + RO + B) 2.65 2.70 2.57 2.67 2.61 2.69 2.71 2.73 2.30 2.32 SiO₂ − RO 32.7 33.30 30.95 32.81 31.75 34.08 34.36 34.63 34.63 34.91 Al₂O₃/RO 0.51 0.47 0.50 0.51 0.50 0.47 0.47 0.48 0.51 0.52 Log3 FT, ° C. 1226 1205 1206 1212 1237 1217 1213 1216 1214 1214 Liquidus T, ° C. 1157 1151 1154 1158 1172 1163 1162 1166 1164 1161 Delta T, ° C. 69 54 52 54 65 54 51 50 50 53 Examples Components (wt %) 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 SiO₂ 59.97 60.09 60.21 60.00 60.57 59.80 59.75 59.65 59.60 59.55 Al₂O₃ 12.97 13.00 13.02 12.50 13.10 12.25 12.25 12.25 12.25 12.25 CaO 22.09 22.13 22.18 23.70 22.31 22.60 22.85 23.35 23.60 23.85 MgO 2.70 2.50 2.30 1.90 1.70 3.10 2.90 2.50 2.30 2.10 TiO₂ 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 Na₂O — — — — — 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 Li₂O 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 Fe₂O₃ 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 — — — — — B₂O₃ — — — — — — — — — — RO (CaO + MgO) 24.79 24.63 24.48 25.60 24.01 25.70 25.75 25.85 25.90 25.95 SiO₂/CaO 2.71 2.71 2.71 2.53 2.71 2.64 2.61 2.57 2.52 2.50 SiO₂/RO 2.42 2.44 2.46 2.34 2.52 2.33 2.32 2.31 2.30 2.29 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.62 4.62 4.82 4.80 4.62 4.88 4.88 4.87 4.87 4.86 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.53 0.59 0.54 0.54 0.52 0.52 0.51 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 72.87 73.09 73.23 72.50 73.67 72.05 72.00 71.90 71.85 71.80 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 25.69 25.53 25.38 26.50 24.91 26.60 26.65 26.75 26.80 26.85 (Si + Al)/(R2O + RO + B) 2.33 2.86 2.89 2.74 2.96 2.71 2.70 2.69 2.68 2.67 SiO₂ − RO 35.18 35.46 35.73 34.40 36.56 34.10 34.00 33.80 33.7 33.60 Al₂O₃/RO 0.47 0.53 0.53 0.49 0.55 0.47 0.48 0.47 0.47 0.47 Log3 FT, ° C. 1219 1223 1233 1239 1239 1240 1236 1236 1238 1234 Liquidus T, ° C. 1160 1155 1142 1139 1141 1156 1156 1159 1167 1173 Delta T, ° C. 59 68 91 100 98 94 80 77 71 61 Examples Components (wt %) 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 SiO₂ 59.50 60.00 59.95 59.90 59.85 60.21 60.33 60.75 60.21 59.71 Al₂O3 12.25 12.40 12.40 12.40 12.0 12.24 12.27 12.35 13.02 13.24 CaO 24.10 22.05 23.30 23.55 23.80 22.34 22.39 22.55 22.52 22.90 MgO 1.90 2.30 2.10 1.90 1.70 2.50 2.30 1.70 2.50 2.50 TiO₂ 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.50 1.50 1.50 0.50 0.50 Na₂O 0.30 — — — — — — — — — Li₂O 0.60 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 1.00 0.90 Fe₂O3 — 0.25 0.25 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 B₂O3 — — — — — — — — — — RO (CaO + MgO) 26.00 24.35 25.40 25.45 25.50 24.84 24.69 24.25 25.02 25.40 SiO₂/CaO 2.47 2.72 2.57 2.54 2.51 2.70 2.69 2.69 2.67 2.61 SiO₂/RO 2.29 2.46 2.36 2.35 2.35 2.42 2.44 2.51 2.41 2.35 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.86 4.84 4.83 4.83 4.99 4.92 4.92 4.92 4.62 4.51 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.51 0.56 0.53 0.53 0.50 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.58 0.58 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 71.75 72.40 72.35 72.30 71.85 72.45 72.60 73.10 73.23 72.95 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 26.90 25.23 26.30 26.35 26.40 25.74 25.59 25.15 26.02 26.30 (Si + Al)/(R2O + RO + B) 2.67 2.87 2.75 2.74 2.72 2.81 2.83 2.91 2.81 2.77 SiO₂ − RO 33.50 35.65 36.55 34.45 34.35 35.37 35.64 36.50 35.19 34.31 Al₂O₃/RO 0.47 0.51 0.53 0.49 0.47 0.49 0.50 0.50 0.52 0.52 Log3 FT, ° C. 1234 1230 1231 1224 1224 1215 1231 1240 1231 1227 Liquidus T, ° C. 1181 1146 1152 1156 1156 1162 1160 1166 1143 1142 Delta T, ° C. 53 84 79 68 68 53 71 74 88 85 Examples Components (wt %) 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 SiO₂ 59.46 60.02 60.26 60.14 60.10 60.23 60.10 60.23 60.14 60.05 60.05 Al₂O₃ 13.24 12.35 12.40 12.37 13.00 12.25 13.00 12.25 12.37 12.98 12.98 CaO 23.15 23.35 23.45 23.40 22.15 23.36 22.15 23.36 23.40 22.14 22.14 MgO 2.50 2.54 2.55 2.54 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.54 3.12 3.12 TiO₂ 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.51 1.10 0.51 1.10 0.51 0.51 0.55 0.55 Na₂O — — — — — — — — — — — Li₂O 0.90 1.00 0.60 0.80 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.80 0.91 0.91 Fe₂O₃ 0.25 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.23 0.25 0.25 B₂O₃ — — — — — — — — — — — RO (CaO + MgO) 26.65 25.89 26.00 25.94 24.65 25.86 24.65 25.86 25.94 25.26 25.26 SiO₂/CaO 2.57 2.57 2.57 2.57 2.71 2.58 2.71 2.58 2.57 2.71 2.71 SiO₂/RO 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.44 2.33 2.44 2.33 2.32 2.38 2.38 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.49 4.86 4.89 4.86 4.62 4.92 4.62 4.92 4.86 4.63 4.63 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.57 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.59 0.52 0.59 0.52 0.53 0.59 0.59 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 72.70 72.37 72.66 72.51 73.10 72.48 73.10 72.48 72.51 73.03 73.03 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 26.50 26.85 26.60 26.74 25.55 26.76 25.55 26.76 26.74 26.17 26.17 (Si + Al)/(R2O + RO + B) 2.74 2.70 2.73 2.71 2.86 2.71 2.86 2.71 2.71 2.79 2.79 SiO₂ − RO 33.81 34.13 34.26 34.20 34.45 34.37 35.45 34.44 34.20 34.79 34.79 Al₂O₃/RO 0.52 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.53 0.47 0.53 0.47 0.48 0.51 0.51 Log3 FT, ° C. 1226 1209 1230 1219 1235 1220 1237 1224 1219 1219 1223 Liquidus T, ° C. 1147 1159 1158 1159 1133 1160 1136 1158 1159 1164 1163 Delta T, ° C. 79 50 72 60 102 60 101 66 60 55 60

TABLE 14 Type 4 Glasses Examples Components (wt %) 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 SiO₂ 58.30 58.20 58.10 58.15 58.15 58.00 58.25 Al₂O₃ 13.03 13.03 13.03 13.20 13.33 13.03 13.33 CaO 23.54 23.64 23.74 22.85 23.39 23.84 23.29 MgO 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.55 2.50 2.50 2.50 TiO₂ 0.50 0.50 0.50 1.10 0.50 0.50 0.50 Li₂O 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 ZnO 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Fe₂O₃ 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.23 0.23 0.23 B₂O₃ — — — — — — — RO (CaO + MgO) 26.04 26.14 26.24 25.40 25.89 26.34 25.79 SiO₂/CaO 2.48 2.46 2.45 2.54 2.49 2.43 2.50 SiO₂/RO 2.24 2.23 2.21 2.29 2.25 2.20 2.26 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.47 4.47 4.46 4.41 4.36 4.45 4.37 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.58 0.57 0.55 0.57 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 71.33 71.23 71.13 71.35 71.48 71.03 71.58 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 26.94 27.04 27.14 26.30 26.79 27.24 26.69 (Si + Al)/(R2O + RO + B) 2.65 2.63 2.62 2.71 2.67 2.61 2.68 SiO₂ − RO 32.26 32.06 31.86 32.75 32.26 31.66 32.46 Al₂O₃/RO 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.52 0.51 0.49 0.52 Log3 FT, ° C. 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1208 1213 Liquidus T, ° C. 1147 1148 1144 1136 1152 1152 1146 Delta T, ° C. 57 57 62 71 56 56 67

TABLE 15 Type 4 Glasses Examples Components (wt %) 170 171 172 173 174 175 SiO₂ 58.00 58.10 57.35 57.95 59.61 59.47 Al₂O₃ 13.03 13.63 13.20 13.20 12.16 12.16 CaO 23.84 23.14 23.65 24.05 23.50 24.22 MgO 2.50 2.50 2.55 2.55 2.50 1.90 TiO₂ 0.50 0.50 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 Li₂O 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.45 0.45 ZnO 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.45 0.45 Fe₂O₃ 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.25 — — B₂O₃ — — — — — — RO (CaO + MgO) 26.34 25.64 26.20 26.60 26.00 26.12 SiO₂/CaO 2.43 2.51 2.42 2.41 2.54 2.46 SiO₂/RO 2.20 2.26 2.19 2.18 2.29 2.28 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.45 4.26 4.34 4.39 4.90 4.89 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.55 0.59 0.56 0.55 0.52 0.50 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 71.03 71.73 70.55 71.15 71.77 71.63 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 27.24 26.54 27.10 27.50 26.45 26.57 (Si + Al)/(R2O + RO + B) 2.61 2.70 2.60 2.60 2.71 2.70 SiO₂ − RO 31.66 32.46 31.15 31.30 33.61 33.35 Al₂O₃/RO 0.49 0.53 0.50 0.50 0.47 0.47 Log3 FT, ° C. 1208 1212 1195 1195 1229 1218 Liquidus T, ° C. 1149 1157 1141 1140 1154 1159 Delta T, ° C. 59 55 54 55 75 59

TABLE 16 Type 5 Glasses Example Components (wt %) 176 177 SiO₂ 59.00 58.70 Al₂O₃ 12.00 11.90 CaO 22.50 22.4 MgO 3.40 3.40 TiO₂ 1.00 1.00 Na₂O 0.90 0.90 ZnO 1.00 1.50 K₂O — — Fe₂O₃ 0.20 0.20 B₂O₃ — — RO 25.90 25.80 SiO₂/CaO 2.62 2.62 SiO₂/RO 2.28 2.28 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.92 4.93 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.53 0.53 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 71.00 70.60 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 26.80 26.70 (Si + Al)/ 2.65 2.64 (R2O + RO + B) SiO₂ − RO 33.10 32.90 Al₂O₃/RO 0.46 0.46 Log3 FT ° C. 1234 1231 Liquidus T ° C. 1175 1181 Delta(T3-TL) ° C. 59 50

TABLE 17 Type 6 Glasses Examples Components (wt %) 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 SiO₂ 58.00 58.10 58.30 57.90 58.11 57.60 58.50 57.80 58.00 57.80 Al₂O₃ 13.03 13.03 13.03 13.23 13.36 13.23 12.76 13.43 13.03 13.03 CaO 23.84 23.74 23.54 23.74 23.40 23.84 23.61 23.64 23.84 23.84 MgO 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 TiO₂ 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 Na₂O — — — — — 0.10 — — — — K₂O — — — — — — — — — — Li₂O 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.80 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 Fe₂O₃ 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 B₂O₃ 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.20 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.20 RO (CaO + MgO) 26.34 26.24 26.04 26.24 25.90 26.34 26.11 26.14 26.34 26.34 SiO₂/CaO 2.43 2.45 2.48 2.44 2.48 2.42 2.48 2.45 2.43 2.42 SiO₂/RO 2.20 2.21 2.24 2.21 2.24 2.19 2.24 2.21 2.20 2.19 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.45 4.46 4.47 4.38 4.35 4.35 4.58 4.30 4.45 4.44 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.56 0.57 0.55 0.54 0.57 0.55 0.55 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 71.03 71.13 71.33 71.13 71.47 70.83 71.26 71.23 71.03 70.83 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 28.24 28.14 27.94 28.14 27.80 28.44 28.01 28.04 28.24 28.44 (Si + Al)/(R2O + RO + B) 2.52 2.53 2.55 2.53 2.57 2.49 2.54 2.54 2.52 2.49 SiO₂ − RO 31.66 31.86 32.26 31.66 32.21 31.26 32.39 31.66 31.66 31.46 Al₂O₃/RO 0.49 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.52 0.50 0.49 0.51 0.49 0.49 Log3 FT, ° C. 1192 1194 1195 1195 1196 1196 1197 1197 1198 1198 Liquidus T, ° C. 1137 1135 1140 1137 1133 1133 1139 1139 1138 1135 Delta T, ° C. 55 59 55 58 63 63 58 58 60 63

TABLE 18 Type 6 Glasses Examples Components (wt %) 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196* 197* SiO₂ 58.00 57.90 58.15 58.25 58.00 58.10 58.30 58.20 58.74 58.64 Al₂O₃ 13.43 13.43 13.33 13.33 13.63 13.63 13.03 13.03 13.05 13.15 CaO 23.44 23.54 23.39 23.29 23.24 23.14 23.54 23.64 22.97 22.97 MgO 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.36 2.36 TiO₂ 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.49 0.49 Na₂O — — — — — — — — — — K₂O — — — — — — — — 0.09 0.09 Li₂O 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.91 0.91 Fe₂O₃ 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.29 0.29 B₂O₃ 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 RO (CaO + MgO) 25.94 26.04 25.89 25.79 25.74 25.64 26.04 26.14 25.33 25.33 SiO₂/CaO 2.47 2.45 2.49 2.51 2.50 2.51 2.48 2.46 2.56 2.55 SiO₂/RO 2.24 2.22 2.25 2.26 2.25 2.27 2.24 2.23 2.32 2.32 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.32 4.31 4.36 4.37 4.26 4.26 4.47 4.47 4.50 4.46 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.59 0.59 0.55 0.55 0.57 0.57 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 71.43 71.33 71.48 71.58 71.63 71.73 71.33 71.23 71.79 71.79 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 27.84 27.94 27.79 27.69 27.14 27.54 27.94 28.04 27.33 27.33 (Si + Al)/(R2O + RO + B) 2.57 2.55 2.57 2.59 2.64 2.60 2.55 2.54 2.63 2.63 SiO₂ − RO 32.06 31.86 32.26 32.46 32.26 32.46 32.26 32.06 33.41 33.31 Al₂O₃/RO 0.51 0.52 0.51 0.52 0.53 0.53 0.50 0.50 0.52 0.52 Log3 FT, ° C. 1202 1203 1203 1202 1207 1212 1200 1201 1210 1209 Liquidus T, ° C. 1139 1137 1136 1145 1144 1146 1132 1137 1145 1151 Delta T, ° C. 63 66 67 57 63 66 68 64 65 58 Examples Components (wt %) 198* 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 SiO₂ 58.64 58.75 57.80 57.60 57.60 57.60 58.50 58.40 58.30 58.40 Al₂O₃ 12.95 12.93 13.23 13.23 13.23 13.03 12.76 12.76 13.03 13.03 CaO 22.87 22.93 23.84 23.84 23.84 24.04 23.61 23.71 23.54 23.44 MgO 2.36 2.36 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 TiO₂ 0.49 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 Na₂O — 0.04 — — 0.20 0.20 — — — — K₂O 0.09 0.10 — — — — — — — — Li₂O 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.70 0.70 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 Fe₂O₃ 0.29 0.29 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 B₂O₃ 1.00 1.20 1.00 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 RO (CaO + MgO) 25.23 25.29 26.34 26.34 26.34 26.54 26.11 26.21 26.04 25.94 SiO₂/CaO 2.56 2.56 2.42 2.42 2.42 2.40 2.48 2.46 2.48 2.49 SiO₂/RO 2.32 2.32 2.19 2.19 2.19 2.17 2.24 2.23 2.24 2.25 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.53 4.54 4.37 4.35 4.35 4.37 4.58 4.58 4.47 4.48 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.57 0.56 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.55 0.56 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 71.59 71.68 71.03 70.83 70.83 70.63 71.26 71.16 71.33 71.43 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 27.23 27.53 28.24 28.44 28.44 28.64 28.01 28.11 27.94 27.84 (Si + Al)/(R2O + RO + B) 2.63 2.60 2.51 2.49 2.49 2.47 2.54 2.53 2.55 2.57 SiO₂ − RO 33.41 33.46 31.46 31.26 31.26 31.06 32.39 32.19 32.26 32.36 Al₂O₃/RO 0.51 0.51 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.50 0.51 Log3 FT, ° C. 1204 1210 1201 1200 1208 1201 1202 1203 1201 1208 Liquidus T, ° C. 1142 1127 1126 1125 1135 1145 1141 1145 1138 1137 Delta T, ° C. 62 83 75 75 73 56 61 58 63 71 Examples Components (wt %) 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 SiO₂ 58.15 58.25 58.70 58.00 57.60 58.61 58.61 58.00 58.40 58.40 Al₂O₃ 13.33 13.33 12.75 13.03 13.03 12.16 12.16 13.23 13.36 13.03 CaO 23.39 23.29 23.50 23.84 24.04 23.50 23.50 23.64 23.11 23.44 MgO 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 TiO₂ 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 1.10 1.10 0.50 0.50 0.50 Na₂O — — 0.60 — — — 0.45 — — — K₂O — — — — — — — — — — Li₂O 0.90 0.90 0.60 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.45 0.90 0.90 0.90 Fe₂O₃ 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 B₂O₃ 1.00 1.00 0.60 1.00 1.20 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 RO (CaO + MgO) 25.89 25.79 26.00 26.34 26.54 26.00 26.00 26.14 25.61 25.94 SiO₂/CaO 2.49 2.50 2.50 2.43 2.40 2.49 2.49 2.45 2.52 2.49 SiO₂/RO 2.25 2.26 2.26 2.20 2.17 2.25 2.25 2.22 2.28 2.25 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.36 4.37 4.60 4.45 4.42 4.82 4.82 4.38 4.37 4.48 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.57 0.57 0.54 0.55 0.54 0.52 0.52 0.56 0.58 0.56 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 71.48 71.58 71.45 71.03 70.63 70.77 70.77 71.23 71.76 71.43 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 27.79 27.69 27.80 28.24 28.64 27.90 27.90 28.04 27.51 27.84 (Si + Al)/(R2O + RO + B) 2.57 2.59 2.57 2.52 2.47 2.54 2.54 2.54 2.61 2.57 SiO₂ − RO 32.26 32.46 32.70 31.66 31.06 32.61 32.61 31.86 32.79 32.46 Al₂O₃/RO 0.51 0.52 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.47 0.47 0.51 0.52 0.50 Log3 FT, ° C. 1197 1200 1216 1202 1194 1201 1227 1201 1204 1201 Liquidus T, ° C. 1130 1134 1160 1137 1142 1142 1159 1135 1133 1136 Delta T, ° C. 67 66 56 65 52 59 68 66 71 65 Examples Components (wt %) 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 SiO₂ 58.50 58.60 58.00 58.10 58.10 58.70 58.70 58.70 58.61 58.40 Al₂O₃ 13.03 13.03 13.63 13.23 13.43 12.75 12.35 12.35 12.16 12.76 CaO 23.34 23.24 23.24 23.54 23.34 23.50 23.50 23.50 23.50 23.71 MgO 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 TiO₂ 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 1.10 0.50 Na₂O — — — — — 0.30 0.60 0.30 — — K₂O — — — — — — — — — — Li₂O 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.60 0.90 0.90 0.90 Fe₂O₃ 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.23 0.23 B₂O₃ 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.60 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 RO (CaO + MgO) 25.84 25.74 25.74 26.04 25.84 26.00 26.00 26.00 26.00 26.21 SiO₂/CaO 2.51 2.51 2.50 2.47 2.49 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.49 2.46 SiO₂/RO 2.26 2.28 2.25 2.23 2.25 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.25 2.23 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.49 4.50 4.26 4.39 4.33 4.60 4.75 4.75 4.82 4.58 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.56 0.56 0.59 0.56 0.58 0.54 0.53 0.53 0.52 0.54 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 71.53 71.63 71.63 71.33 71.53 71.45 71.05 71.05 70.77 71.16 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 27.74 27.64 27.64 27.94 27.74 27.80 28.20 28.20 27.90 28.11 (Si + Al)/(R2O + RO + B) 2.58 2.59 2.59 2.55 2.58 2.57 2.52 2.52 2.54 2.53 SiO₂ − RO 32.66 32.86 32.26 32.06 32.26 32.70 32.70 32.70 32.61 32.19 Al₂O₃/RO 0.50 0.51 0.53 0.51 0.52 0.49 0.48 0.48 0.47 0.49 Log3 FT, ° C. 1204 1204 1206 1199 1204 1204 1207 1202 1194 1194 Liquidus T, ° C. 1133 1135 1136 1133 1134 1153 1157 1149 1141 1144 Delta T, ° C. 71 69 70 63 70 51 50 53 53 50 Examples Components (wt %) 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 SiO₂ 58.80 57.60 58.11 58.91 58.11 58.30 58.20 58.10 58.70 58.70 Al₂O₃ 12.46 13.03 13.36 12.16 13.36 13.03 13.03 13.03 13.35 13.35 CaO 23.61 24.04 23.40 23.80 23.40 23.54 23.64 23.74 23.50 23.50 MgO 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 TiO₂ 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 Na₂O — 0.10 — — — — — — — — K₂O — — — — — — — — — — Li₂O 0.90 0.80 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.60 Fe₂O₃ 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.25 B₂O₃ 1.00 1.20 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.30 0.60 RO (CaO + MgO) 26.11 26.54 25.90 26.30 25.90 26.04 26.14 26.24 26.00 26.00 SiO₂/CaO 2.49 2.40 2.48 2.48 2.48 2.48 2.46 2.45 2.50 2.50 SiO₂/RO 2.25 2.17 2.24 2.24 2.24 2.24 2.23 2.21 2.26 2.26 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.70 4.42 4.35 4.84 4.35 4.47 4.47 4.46 4.40 4.40 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.53 0.54 0.57 0.51 0.57 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.57 0.57 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 71.26 70.63 71.47 71.07 71.47 71.23 71.23 71.13 72.05 72.05 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 28.01 28.64 27.80 28.20 27.80 27.94 28.04 28.14 27.20 27.20 (Si + Al)/(R2O + RO + B) 2.54 2.47 2.57 2.52 2.57 2.55 2.54 2.53 2.65 2.65 SiO₂ − RO 32.69 31.06 32.21 32.61 32.21 32.26 32.06 31.86 32.70 32.70 Al₂O₃/RO 0.48 0.49 0.52 0.46 0.52 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.51 Log3 FT, ° C. 1195 1196 1229 1216 1213 1202 1202 1205 1207 1224 Liquidus T, ° C. 1145 1145 1155 1148 1142 1136 1136 1137 1144 1145 Delta T, ° C. 50 51 133 123 126 120 119 122 114 142 Examples Components (wt %) 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 SiO₂ 58.11 58.20 59.53 59.61 59.11 59.11 59.16 59.21 59.11 59.36 Al₂O₃ 13.36 13.23 12.25 12.16 12.16 12.16 12.16 12.16 12.16 12.41 CaO 23.40 23.44 23.17 23.50 23.00 23.00 23.20 23.40 23.50 23.60 MgO 2.50 2.50 2.52 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.25 2.00 2.00 2.00 TiO₂ 0.50 0.50 0.50 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 0.50 Na₂O — — — — — — — — — — K₂O — — — — — — — — — — Li₂O 0.90 0.90 0.80 0.45 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 Fe₂O₃ 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 B₂O₃ 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.45 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 RO (CaO + MgO) 25.90 25.94 25.69 26.00 25.50 25.50 25.45 25.40 25.50 25.60 SiO₂/CaO 2.48 2.48 2.57 2.54 2.57 2.57 2.55 2.53 2.51 2.51 SiO₂/RO 2.24 2.24 2.32 2.29 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.33 2.32 2.32 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.35 4.40 4.86 4.90 4.86 4.86 4.87 4.87 4.87 4.78 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.57 0.56 0.53 0.52 0.53 0.53 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.53 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 71.47 71.43 71.78 71.77 71.27 71.27 71.32 71.37 71.27 71.77 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 27.80 27.84 27.49 26.90 27.40 27.40 27.35 27.30 27.40 27.50 (Si + Al)/(R2O + RO + B) 2.57 2.57 2.61 2.67 2.60 2.60 2.61 2.61 2.60 2.61 SiO₂ − RO 32.21 32.26 33.84 33.61 33.61 33.61 33.71 33.81 33.61 33.76 Al₂O₃/RO 0.52 0.51 0.48 0.47 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.53 Log3 FT, ° C. 1212 1204 1214 1230 1205 1216 1218 1213 1209 1216 Liquidus T, ° C. 1135 1135 1143 1155 1142 1143 1147 1153 1153 1153 Delta T, ° C. 139 124 71 75 63 73 71 60 56 63 Examples Component (wt %) 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 SiO₂ 59.31 59.36 59.41 59.11 59.16 59.21 59.16 59.11 59.01 59.21 Al₂O₃ 12.56 12.51 12.46 12.16 12.16 12.16 12.26 12.26 12.36 12.16 CaO 23.50 23.50 23.50 23.00 23.20 23.40 23.45 23.50 23.50 23.50 MgO 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.50 2.25 2.00 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 TiO₂ 0.50 0.50 0.50 1.10 1.10 1.10 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 Na₂O — — — — — — — — — — K₂O — — — — — — — — — — Li₂O 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 Fe₂O₃ 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 B₂O₃ 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 RO (CaO + MgO) 25.50 25.50 25.50 25.50 25.45 25.40 25.95 26.00 26.00 26.00 SiO₂/CaO 2.52 2.53 2.53 2.57 2.55 2.53 2.52 2.52 2.51 2.52 SiO₂/RO 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.32 2.32 2.33 2.28 2.27 2.27 2.28 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.72 4.75 4.77 4.86 4.87 4.87 4.83 4.82 4.77 4.87 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.53 0.52 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 71.87 71.87 71.87 71.27 71.32 71.37 71.42 71.37 71.37 71.37 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 27.40 27.40 27.40 27.40 27.35 27.30 27.85 27.90 27.90 27.90 (Si + Al)/(R2O + RO + B) 2.62 2.62 2.62 2.60 2.61 2.61 2.56 2.56 2.56 2.56 SiO₂ − RO 33.81 33.86 33.91 33.61 33.71 33.81 33.21 33.11 33.01 33.21 Al₂O₃/RO 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.47 0.47 0.48 0.47 Log3 FT, ° C. 1220 1220 1220 1216 1214 1220 1209 1210 1210 1201 Liquidus T, ° C. 1153 1158 1155 1144 1147 1158 1150 1152 1152 1143 Delta T, ° C. 67 62 65 72 67 62 59 58 58 58 Examples Components (wt %) 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 SiO₂ 58.75 58.75 58.10 58.70 59.11 59.31 59.21 54.60 56.75 57.85 Al₂O₃ 12.93 12.93 13.63 13.35 12.16 12.26 12.26 13.35 13.20 12.45 CaO 22.93 22.93 23.14 23.50 23.50 22.30 23.40 24.55 23.95 24.05 MgO 2.36 2.36 2.50 2.50 2.00 2.50 2.50 2.55 2.55 2.55 TiO₂ 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 1.10 0.50 0.50 0.35 1.10 0.55 Na₂O 0.14 0.24 — — — — — 0.15 0.60 0.60 K₂O 0.10 0.10 — — — — — 0.55 — — Li₂O 0.80 0.70 0.90 0.30 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.30 0.30 0.30 Fe₂O₃ 0.29 0.29 0.23 0.25 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.25 0.35 B₂O₃ 1.20 1.20 1.00 0.90 1.00 1.00 1.00 3.00 1.40 1.30 F — — — — — — — 0.20 — — SrO — — — — — — — 0.12 — — RO (CaO + MgO) 25.29 25.29 25.64 26.00 25.50 24.80 25.90 27.10 26.50 26.60 SiO₂/CaO 2.56 2.56 2.51 2.50 2.52 2.66 2.53 2.22 2.37 2.39 SiO₂/RO 2.32 2.32 2.27 2.26 2.32 2.39 2.29 2.01 2.14 2.35 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.54 4.54 4.26 4.40 4.86 4.84 4.83 4.09 4.30 4.65 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.56 0.56 0.59 0.57 0.52 0.55 0.52 0.54 0.55 0.52 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 71.68 71.68 71.73 72.05 71.27 71.57 71.47 67.95 69.95 71.30 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 27.53 27.53 27.54 27.20 27.40 26.70 27.80 31.10 28.80 28.80 (Si + Al)/(R2O + RO + B) 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.65 2.60 2.68 2.57 2.18 2.43 2.48 SiO₂ − RO 33.46 33.46 32.46 32.70 33.61 34.51 33.31 27.50 30.25 31.25 Al₂O₃/RO 0.51 0.51 0.53 0.51 0.48 0.49 0.47 0.49 0.50 0.47 Log3 FT, ° C. 1211 1218 1204 1239 1215 1209 1210 1187 1206 1208 Liquidus T, ° C. 1127 1129 1115 1143 1155 1148 1156 1133 1152 1154 Delta T, ° C. 84 89 89 96 60 61 54 54 54 54 *compositions include 0.05 wt % SrO and 0.08 wt % SO3

TABLE 19 Misc. Glasses Examples Components (wt %) 268 269 270 271 272 SiO₂ 57.82 58.70 58.70 57.72 58.61 Al₂O₃ 11.80 13.35 13.35 11.80 12.16 CaO 22.80 23.50 23.50 22.80 23.50 MgO 2.43 2.50 2.50 2.52 2.50 TiO₂ 1.07 0.50 0.50 1.07 1.10 Na₂O 0.87 — 0.90 0.87 — Li₂O — 0.30 0.30 — 0.30 ZnO — — — — 0.30 MnO 3.00 — — — 0.30 MnO₂ — — — 3.00 — Fe₂O₃ 0.22 0.25 0.25 0.22 0.23 B₂O₃ — 0.90 — — 1.00 RO 25.23 26.00 26.00 25.32 26.00 SiO₂/CaO 2.54 2.50 2.50 2.53 2.49 SiO₂/RO 2.29 2.26 2.26 2.28 2.25 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.90 4.40 4.40 4.89 4.82 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.52 0.57 0.57 0.52 0.52 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 69.62 72.05 72.05 69.52 70.77 RO2 + RO + B₂O₃ 26.10 27.20 26.30 26.19 27.30 (Si + Al)/ 2.67 2.65 2.74 2.65 2.59 (R2O + RO + B) SiO₂ − RO 32.59 32.70 32.70 32.40 32.61 Al₂O₃/RO 0.47 0.51 0.51 0.47 0.47 Log3 FT, ° C. 1219 1239 1241 1222 1223 Liquidus T, ° C. 1163 1143 1165 1161 1139 Delta T, ° C. 52 96 76 61 94

TABLE 20 Production Glasses Examples Components (wt %) 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 SiO₂ 57.07 57.21 56.94 56.68 56.71 56.53 55.97 Al₂O₃ 12.69 12.77 12.72 12.68 12.95 12.84 12.68 CaO 23.91 24.15 24.00 24.11 24.56 24.42 24.00 MgO 2.53 2.57 2.56 2.58 2.44 2.42 2.45 TiO₂ 1.09 1.12 1.12 1.09 1.07 1.07 1.05 Na₂O 0.89 0.90 0.87 0.90 0.92 0.92 0.88 K₂O 0.060 0.050 0.050 0.060 0.070 0.060 0.060 Fe₂O₃ 0.255 0.271 0.255 0.263 0.278 0.267 0.265 B₂O₃ 1.37 1.36 1.42 1.40 1.54 1.70 1.36 SO₃ 0.029 0.032 0.032 0.031 0.028 0.024 0.025 SrO 0.040 0.040 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 Cr₂O₃ 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.009 0.008 0.007 RO 26.44 26.72 26.56 26.69 27.00 26.84 26.45 SiO₂/CaO 2.39 2.37 2.37 2.35 2.31 2.31 2.33 SiO₂/RO 2.16 2.14 2.14 2.12 2.10 2.11 2.12 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.50 4.48 4.48 4.47 4.38 4.40 4.41 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 69.76 69.98 69.66 69.36 69.66 69.37 68.65 RO2 + RO + B₂O₃ 28.96 29.25 29.11 29.25 29.74 29.73 28.96 (Si + Al)/(R2O + RO + B) 2.41 2.39 2.39 2.37 2.34 2.33 2.37 SiO₂ − RO 30.63 30.49 30.38 29.99 29.71 29.69 29.52 Al₂O₃/RO 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 Log3 FT, ° C. 1214 1217 1203 1212 1212 Liquidus T, ° C. 1147 1134 1145 1147 1134 Delta T, ° C. 67 83 58 65 76 Examples Components (wt %) 280 281 282 283 284 285 SiO₂ 56.70 56.66 56.63 56.54 56.43 56.61 Al₂O₃ 12.91 12.86 12.85 12.79 12.75 12.83 CaO 24.61 24.53 24.69 24.53 24.44 25.24 MgO 2.54 2.56 2.60 2.54 2.54 2.55 TiO₂ 1.10 1.09 0.94 0.94 1.09 1.20 Na₂O 0.91 0.90 0.93 0.90 0.90 0.92 K₂O 0.060 0.060 0.070 0.070 0.050 0.050 Fe₂O₃ 0.260 0.265 0.267 0.268 0.270 0.279 B₂O₃ 1.32 1.15 1.34 1.27 1.24 1.29 SO₃ 0.018 0.020 0.018 0.016 0.014 0.016 SrO 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 Cr₂O₃ 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.008 0.004 RO 27.15 27.09 27.29 27.07 26.98 27.79 SiO₂/CaO 2.30 2.31 2.29 2.30 2.31 2.24 SiO₂/RO 2.09 2.09 2.08 2.09 2.09 2.04 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.39 4.41 4.41 4.42 4.43 4.41 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.51 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 69.61 69.52 69.48 69.33 69.18 69.44 RO₂ + RO + B₂O₃ 29.64 29.41 29.83 29.51 29.39 30.28 (Si + Al)/(R2O + RO + B) 2.35 2.36 2.33 2.35 2.35 2.29 SiO₂ − RO 29.55 29.57 29.34 29.47 29.45 28.82 Al₂O₃/RO 0.48 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.46 Log3 FT, ° C. 1213 1214 Liquidus T, ° C. 1149 1158 Delta T, ° C. 64 55

TABLE 21 Summary Sheet Type 1 Glasses Type 2 Glasses Type 3 Glasses Type 4 Glasses Type 5 Glasses Type 6 Glasses Low High Low High Low High Low High Low High Low High RO (CaO + MgO) 26.30 27.05 24.80 27.56 24.01 26.70 25.40 26.60 25.80 25.90 25.29 26.60 SiO₂/CaO 2.35 2.47 2.20 2.55 2.39 2.71 2.41 2.54 2.62 2.62 2.22 2.66 SiO₂/RO 2.13 2.23 1.96 2.29 2.16 2.52 2.18 2.29 2.28 2.28 2.01 2.39 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 4.25 4.84 3.79 4.76 4.30 4.99 4.26 4.90 4.92 4.93 4.09 4.90 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.51 0.58 0.51 0.59 0.50 0.59 0.50 0.59 0.53 0.53 0.51 0.59 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 70.85 71.86 66.10 70.95 71.05 73.67 71.03 71.73 70.60 71.00 67.95 72.05 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 27.20 27.95 28.15 32.79 25.15 27.60 26.30 27.50 26.70 26.80 26.70 31.10 (Si + Al)/(R2O + RO + B) 2.55 2.64 2.02 2.67 2.30 2.96 2.60 2.71 2.64 2.65 2.18 2.68 SiO₂ − RO 30.55 32.55 26.50 32.55 30.95 36.56 31.15 33.61 32.90 33.10 27.50 33.91 Al₂O₃/RO 0.46 0.52 0.46 0.56 0.47 0.53 0.47 0.53 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.53

TABLE 22 Summary Sheet Types1&, 3–5, Glasses Types 2 & 6 Glasses Production Glasses Types 1 & 2 Glasses Types 3–6 Glasses (boron-free) (contains boron) (contains boron) Low High Low High Low High Low High Low High RO (CaO + MgO) 24.80 27.56 24.01 26.70 24.01 26.90 24.80 27.56 26.44 27.79 SiO₂/CaO 2.20 2.55 2.39 2.71 2.36 2.73 2.20 2.66 2.24 2.37 SiO₂/RO 1.96 2.29 2.16 2.52 2.14 2.52 1.96 2.39 2.08 2.16 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 3.79 4.84 4.26 4.99 4.26 4.99 3.79 4.90 4.38 4.50 Al₂O₃/CaO 0.51 0.59 0.50 0.59 0.50 0.59 0.51 0.59 0.51 0.53 SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ 66.10 71.45 70.60 73.67 70.85 73.67 66.10 72.05 68.65 69.98 R2O + RO + B₂O₃ 27.20 32.79 25.15 28.64 25.15 27.80 26.90 32.79 28.96 30.28 (Si + Al)/(R2O + RO + B) 2.02 2.67 2.30 2.96 2.30 2.96 2.02 2.68 2.29 2.41 SiO₂ − RO 26.50 32.55 30.95 36.56 30.55 36.56 26.50 33.91 28.82 30.63 Al₂O₃/RO 0.46 0.56 0.46 0.53 0.46 0.53 0.46 0.56 0.46 0.48 wherein the glass composition has a log 3 forming temperature no greater than 1220°C., and the difference between the log3 forming temperature and the liquidus temperature is at least 50°C. 

1. A glass composition comprising: SiO₂ 55 to 59 percent by weight; Al₂O₃ 10 to 14 percent by weight; CaO 21 to 26 percent by weight; MgO 1 to 3.25 percent by weight; TiO₂ 0 to 1.75 percent by weight; Na₂O 0 to 2 percent by weight; K₂O 0 to 2 percent by weight; Na₂O + K₂O 0 to 2 percent by weight; Fe₂O₃ 0 to 0.5 percent by weight; B₂O₃ essentially none; Li₂O 0.25 to 1.25 percent by weight; ZnO 0.25 to 1.5 percent by weight;

wherein the glass composition has a log 3 forming temperature no greater than 1220° C., and the difference between the log3 forming temperature and the liquidus temperature is at least 50° C.
 2. The glass composition of claim 1 wherein the glass composition has a log 3 forming temperature no greater than 1210° C.
 3. The glass composition according to claim 1, wherein the glass composition is essentially free of B₂O₃.
 4. The glass composition according to claim 1, further comprising Fe₂O₃ in an amount of content is 0.05 to 0.5 percent by weight.
 5. The glass composition according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of SiO₂ to (CaO+MgO) is no greater than 2.3.
 6. The glass composition according to claim 1, wherein (CaO+MgO) is from 24 to 28 percent by weight.
 7. The glass composition according to claim 1, wherein (CaO+MgO) is from 25 to 27 percent by weight.
 8. A glass composition comprising: SiO₂ 57 to 59 percent by weight; Al₂O₃ 12 to 14 percent by weight; CaO 22 to 25 percent by weight; MgO 1.9 to 3 percent by weight; TiO₂ 0 to 1.5 percent by weight; Na₂O 0 to 1 percent by weight; Fe₂O₃ 0 to 0.5 percent by weight; B₂O₃ essentially none; Li₂O 0.45 to 1.25 percent by weight; ZnO 0.45 to 1.5 percent by weight;

wherein the glass composition has a log 3 forming temperature no greater than 1220° C., and the difference between the log3 forming temperature and the liquidus temperature is at least 50° C. 